Greek embryology compared to the Holy Quran
Index
★ Greek errors in embryology ★ ....
3
★ Summary: 3
★ Refutation of the statements of Greek doctors ★ ....
9
★ Empedocles the Greek 444 BC 9
★ Asclepias: 10
★ Diogenes: 11
★ Galen.. 11
(1) .................... Sex of the fetus: 11
(2) The organs of the fetus consist of two parts: 11
(3) The fetus is formed from menstrual blood with semen. 11
(4) The female semen is food for the male semen: 12
(5) The warmer blood flowing to the fetus produces the warm organs, and the
thicker blood produces the liver. 13
(6) The third part of the fetus mixes with the female semen, so bubbles burst,
then it is surrounded by a fluid that leads to the formation of a tight
chamber, then it heats up and dries, leading to the formation of bones. 14
(7) The brain, heart and liver are formed in contact and then move apart with
time. 15
(8) The spine is formed simultaneously with the heart, brain and liver. 15
★ Aristotle: 16
- Determining the sex of the fetus.. 16
★ Hippocrates: 21
★ Soranus, the genius of gynecology, Q2. 23
Differences between Galen and Islam 25
Differences between Hippocrates and Islam 31
Differences between Aristotle and Islam 36
★ Embryos in Hinduism ★ ....
37
◄ Sushruta Samhita. 38
◄ Charaka Samhita;
From the books of traditional Indian medicine, 2nd century BC 40
Side topic (The meaning of the leech in the Holy Quran) 41
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious
, the Most Merciful Praise be to Allah, the Perfecter of favors, who supported
His religion with the people of the Sunnah, and I send prayers and peace upon
the tranquil soul, Muhammad bin Abdullah, who illuminated the hearts with his
guidance, and opened their locks and veils. And after that...
This is a comparison between embryology in the Quran and the Sunnah versus
Galen, Hippocrates, Edembedocles and other Greek doctors, to answer the
question (Did Islam steal from Greek medical books)?
I will start by listing the mistakes of the Greek doctors to clarify that if
the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, was stealing
from them - God forbid - why did he only steal the information that science has
shown to be correct and avoid error? How did he know to select this and leave
that?
Then I will list the differences between the information in the Quran and the
information in the Greeks to clarify that he did not take anything from them.
The honorable reader will see that the most famous claim [Islam stole the time
for determining the sex of the fetus from the Greeks] is false, as the Greeks
did not say that the sex of the fetus is determined on the 42nd day as the
Messenger of Allah said in the noble hadith which is like a miracle - for more
about this scientific miracle seehere- but rather they said that the formation
of the male fetus's organs (heart - liver...etc.) begins on the twentieth day
and ends on the thirtieth day; and the formation of the female's organs begins
on the 30th day and ends on the 42nd day; all the organs but not the sex; as
for the sex, it is determined before the 42nd day in the female and before the
30th day in the male, as it occurs in the 17th stage out of a total of 25
stages.
★Greek errors in embryology ★
★ Summary:
- The
semen responsible for the formation of the male is stronger and thicker
than that responsible for the formation of the female.
- The
semen responsible for forming the male coagulates faster than that
responsible for forming the female.
“The boy moves faster because he is stronger than the girl,
just as he coagulates sooner, because the male is born in a stronger and
thicker seed than the female.” [1]
- “Women
who have spots on their faces during pregnancy are carrying a girl, while
those with good skin are often carrying a boy. When the nipples are turned
up, it is a boy. When they are turned down, it is a girl.” [2]
- Women's
bodies have more blood than men's:
“
The variation in the quantity of moisture, present even in the tissue of the
body—that is, women are considered more spongy than men25—is related to the
quantity of blood in their bodies, which is represented (incorrectly, since the
opposite is true) as being more abundant in woman than in man from puberty
onwards,” says Jean Bonnard [3].
- Source
of semen:
Stagerite : Semen is the concentrated remains of
useful food, which a warm body needed to produce and whose source is blood.
Plato and Pythagoras : From the brain.
Hippocrates and Atomic Scientists : All parts of the body. “For the
Stagirite,”
says Jean Bonnard,
“the semen does not come from the brain through the medulla, as Plato,
Pythagoras, and (perhaps) Empedocles believed, nor from all parts of the body,
as the atomists and Hippocratic physicians claimed, but from the blood—or
rather, the hot part of the blood, aerated like foam, hence the white color of
the sperm. Just like milk, menses, or fat, the seed, passing through the
intermediate stage of the blood, is a “useful residue” (perittôma) of food. It
is in fact the most refined, concentrated, and complete residue, that which has
undergone superior quality and density, “a residue in its final degree of
elaboration.”35 Such a breakdown can only be produced by a completely heated
body. This is why the blood of women, who are naturally colder, produces an
insufficiently cooked residue, useless unless the woman is pregnant, and thus
nullified by menses. If the woman is impregnated, this residue only provides
matter for the fetus, and nourishment The fetus during pregnancy, and finally
the milk after birth.” [4]
- When
does the growth of the male and female fetus' organs begin and when does
it end?
They agree that the male's body temperature is higher than
the female's, and that this plays a role in the speed of the formation of the
male fetus's organs compared to the female's. Then they differed regarding the
time of completion of the growth of all the organs of the male fetus as well as
the female.
|
Diogenes |
Asclepiades |
Empedocles |
Hippocrates |
Galen |
|
Male : 4 months |
Male : 4 months |
Male : It starts after 26 and ends after
50 days |
Male : 30 days (expired) |
The whole fetus is formed from the beginning; the only
difference is in the appearance of the organs to us. |
"Diogenes' other contributions to primitive
embryology," says Joseph Needham,
"were the recognition of the placenta as an organ of nourishment for the
fetus, and the view that the male fetus is formed in four months, while the
female is not formed until five months—an idea similar to that found in
Asclepiades and Empedocles." [5]
He says:
“Asclepiades said that the male members, being hotter, assemble and form within
twenty-six days, and many of them sooner, but they are completed and perfected
in all their limbs within fifty days, but the females require two months before
they are formed, and less before they reach perfection, so they need natural
heat. As for the parts of irrational creatures, they reach their completion
sooner or later, according to the temperature of their elements.” [6]
He says:
“He claimed that the influence of the maternal imagination on the fetus was so
great that it made it possible to direct its formation and interfere with it. 1
Empedocles said [as Plutarch says] that men begin to form after the
thirty-first day and are completed and weave their parts within fifty days
minus one.” [7]
As for Hippocrates, as usual, because the male body is hotter, the male fetus
is formed faster than the female fetus, the male fetus is formed completely
after 30 days, while the female is formed after 42 days.
"Following this stage, the bones harden and are hollowed out by
breathing;28 then fingers and toes appear and nails grow. According to
Hippocrates, a male embryo requires thirty days to form and a female forty two
days.29" [8]
(7) Summary of some of Galen's errors:
- The fetus consists of two parts, the first is the white parts which consist
of semen and the second is the flesh which consists of menstrual blood.
- The woman's water "the woman's semen" functions as food for the
man's semen.
- The blood flowing to the fetus is of two parts, thin and thick. The thin
produces the warm organs of the fetus, and the thick produces the liver.
- The fetus consists of the man's water, the woman's water and the menstrual
blood.
- The third part of the fetus mixes with the female semen, so bubbles burst,
then it is surrounded by a fluid which creates a tight chamber, then it heats
up and dries up leading to the formation of bones.
- The spine is formed simultaneously with the heart, brain and liver.
- If the man's semen descends on the right side of the uterus, she will give
birth to a boy, but on the left a girl.
(8) Summary of some of Aristotle's errors:
- Semen has nothing to do with the formation of the fetus, its only importance
lies in the fact that it caused the beginning of the movement of menstrual
blood, which is responsible for the formation of all the organs of the fetus.
★ Refuting
the statements of Greek doctors ★
★ Empedocles
the Greek 444 BC
- The
embryo begins to form through two arteries and two veins.
- Nerves
are composed of a mixture of equal parts earth and air.
- Nails
are frozen water.
- Bones
are made up of a mixture of equal parts water and soil.
- Sweat
and tears are made of four parts fire and one part water.
- Male
embryo formation begins on day 30 and ends on day 49.
- Female
embryos begin to form.
Joseph Needham says:
“The Greek Empedocles, who lived about 444 B.C., believed that ‘the embryo
derives its structure from four vessels, two veins and two arteries, through
which the blood is conveyed to the embryo.’ He also believed that the nerves
were composed of a mixture of equal parts earth and air, that the nails were
frozen water, and that the bones were composed of a mixture of equal parts
water and earth. Sweat and tears, on the other hand, were composed of four
parts fire and one part water.” [9]
Joseph Needham says:
“He claimed that the influence of the maternal imagination upon the embryo was
so great that it was possible to direct and interfere with its formation. 1
Empedocles said [as Plutarch says] that men begin to form after the
thirty-first day and are completed and woven together in fifty days minus
one.” [10] Asclepias :
- Male
body temperature is higher than female.
- Body
temperature speeds up the growth of the male fetus more than the female.
- The
formation of the male fetus begins on day 26 and is completed on
approximately day 50.
- A
female fetus needs two months to be fully developed.
Joseph Needham says:
“Asclepiades said that the male members, being hotter, are assembled and formed
in twenty-six days, and many of them sooner, but are completed and perfected in
all their limbs in fifty days, but the females require two months before they
are formed, and less before they reach perfection, so they require natural
heat. As for the parts of irrational creatures, they reach their completion
sooner or later, according to the temperature of their elements.” [11] ★ Diogenes:
Joseph Needham says, “He also connected heat with the formation of small
animals from the mud.” [12]
He says, “And he considered that the embryo is not alive.” [13] ★ Galen
- Gender
of the fetus:
- “If
the semen (man’s) comes down on the right side of the womb, she will give
birth to a boy, but on the left side, a girl.” [14]
- The
fetus's organs consist of two parts:
- White
parts: These are the first parts that form semen.
- The
red parts: They are made up of menstrual blood, which is the flesh.
- The
embryo is formed from menstrual blood and semen.
"The 'Book of the sperm
'. This treatise consists of two books. His purpose in it is to demonstrate
that the sperm from which all parts of the body are generated is not identical
with the blood as Aristotle thinks, but the generation of all the elementary
parts comes from the sperm, and these are the white parts
; only the red flesh is generated from the blood of menstruation.
I translated this treatise into Syriac for Salmawayh ibn Bunan.5 Hubayš ibn
al-Hasan translated it into Arabic for Abu l-Hasan? Aḥmad ibn Mūsā." [15]
- Female
semen is food for male semen:
“( The
female semen) provides this service for 5 the fetus and becomes, as it were
, a kind of nutriment for the semen of the male; for it is thinner than the
male semen, and colder, and more suitable than all else for nourishment.” [16]
- Warmer
blood flowing to the fetus produces warm organs, and thicker blood
produces the liver.
“
8. I return again to what was postponed from the beginning. This (embryo) draws
to itself through the vessels descending to the uterus blood and pneuma, each
to its own particular cavity; and, as was said earlier also, along with the
pneuma that comes through the arteries, it draws in a blood that is finer and
warmer than the blood in the veins.
From these it creates the warmest
of
the internal organs; and that other 2 thick blood produces for it the form of
the liver. And accordingly the many 3 veins that pass through the chorion
proceed to (the liver);
- The
third part of the embryo mixes with the female semen, causing bubbles to
burst, then it is surrounded by a fluid that creates a tight chamber, then
it heats up and dries, leading to the formation of bones.
“And they too have their generation in the hollowing out of
the substance of the semen. The third of the ruling parts, from which all the
nerves grow, has its generation from the semen itself, and from it alone. In
mixing with the female
semen, many bubbles burst, and the puff from them passed inward and into the
depths, desiring to preserve itself—it was not a kind of vapor, but a
self-moving source for the animal—and in like manner the fluid surrounding it
formed of itself a cavity filled with the puff. Then, to prevent its easy
emptying, it (the puff) makes for itself a sealed chamber, pushing back to the
outer circumference whatever is thicker and harder in the moist matter
surrounding it;
and this, being heated and dried, becomes bone in due course. The force which
forms the animal performs this work at first; 8 but is not yet visible at
first, because of its small size; For in the mixing with the 6 female semen
many of the bubbles burst, and the pneuma from them passed inside and deep
down, in the desire to preserve itself-it was not a kind of vapor but was a
self-moving source of the animal-; and likewise the surround-ing fluid of its
own accord formed within the semen a cavity filled with pneuma. Then to prevent
its being readily emptied out, (the pneuma) makes 7 for itself a tightly sealed
chamber, pushing back to the outer circumference all that was thicker and
harder in the semen's moist substance surrounding it; And this, when heated and
dried, would in time be bone.” [18]
- The
brain, heart and liver are formed next to each other and then move away
from each other over time.
“
The part that is going to become the source of the nerves, the one that we call
the brain, being assigned to a higher post; and below it lie the heart and
liver, touching each other.”
[ 19]
- The
spine is formed in conjunction with the heart, brain and liver.
"And also in the early stages, simultaneously with the generation of
10 these parts, the spine appears around the spinal medulla, hardened in
just the way that we described a little earlier" [20] ★ Aristotle:
- Determining the sex of the fetus
In a 2008 study entitled " The Genetic Mechanisms of Sex
Determination " by Laura Hake et al.:
"Whether it will become male, female, or hermaphrodite is determined very
early in development. Scientists have worked for hundreds of years to
understand the sex-determination system. For example, in 335 BC, Aristotle
proposed that the male partner's heat during intercourse determines sex. If the
male's heat can overwhelm the female's coldness, a male child will be formed.
Conversely, if the female's coldness is too strong (or the male's heat is too
weak), a female child will be formed ."
"Whether an animal will become a male, a female, or a hermaphrodite is
determined very early in development. Scientists have worked for hundreds of
years to understand the sex-determination system. For instance, in 335 BCE,
Aristotle proposed that the heat of the male partner during intercourse
determined sex. If the male's heat could overwhelm the female's coldness, then
a male child would form. In contrast, if the female's coldness was too strong
(or the male's heat too weak), a female child would form." [21]
- Semen has no role in the formation of the fetus but only causes the movement
of menstrual blood. Galen
says: " As in the opinion of Aristotle, who holds that it provides a
beginning of motion for the menstrual blood but does not grant that any part of
the animal is formed from it." [22]
- A
woman's water only serves as food for the fetus.
- Women
do not have sperm, only men do.
“This doctrine of two seeds, supported by Epicurean support, has for centuries
competed with the Aristotelian doctrine that only the male contributes to the
production of the seed while the female supplies the body with blood,”
says Joseph Needham [23]
– the female being a monstrosity of the natural, and the original being the
male. “It is also interesting,”
says Jean Bonnard,
“that Aristotle, in the course of explaining this general rule about the
repetition of resemblances, and more specifically when he is just speaking of
deformative deviations from nature, comes to the assertion that ‘the first
deviation [from nature] is the birth of a female instead of a male.’” [24]
- A
sterile uterus for a long time prevents a woman from breathing.
“When [the uterus] remains sterile for a long time after the
proper age, this organ becomes impatient; it does not accept this condition,
and as it begins to wander all over the body, obstructing the openings through
which the breath comes out and preventing respiration, it throws the body into
the most extreme states and gives rise to diseases of all kinds.” [25]
- The
embryo is formed in a way similar to the curdling of cheese.
“The pre-scientific assumption that Bachelard called the myth of concentration
of matter,” says Jean Bonnard . “The woman produces a seed which serves
only as food for the embryo. The formation of the embryo is a form of cleavage
which Aristotle famously compares to the curdling of milk.” [26]
Joseph Needham writes of Aristotle’s On the Generation of Animals:
“The purely embryological discussion begins in section 14, where the embryo is
said to be nourished by the mother’s blood, which flows into the fetus and
there coagulates, forming the flesh of the embryo.” [27]
He says:
“The idea that the formation of the embryo is like the curdling of milk into
cheese takes various forms in time and space. Among historians of science, the
most famous of these forms is Aristotle’s cheese-like analogy of pregnancy.”
“When the matter secreted by the female is fixed in the womb by the semen of
the male (this acts in the same way as rennet acts on milk, for rennet is a
kind of milk containing vital heat, which combines into one mass and fixes the
like matter, and the relation between semen and the womb is the same, as milk
and womb are of the same nature)—when, as I say, the more solid part is united,
the liquid separates from it, and as the earthy parts harden, membranes form
around them; and this is a necessary consequence and final cause, the first
because the surface of the mass must harden on heating as well as on cooling,
and the second because the embryo must not be in a liquid but separate from it .”[ 28]
- Heat
causes clotting and then hardening of the bones.
Aristotle says:
“Bones harden, and coagulate by heat… Connect a tube to an earthen vessel, and
introduce through it some earth, sand, and lead chips, then pour in some water
and blow into the tube. At first everything will mix, but after a certain time
lead will go to lead, sand to sand, and earth to earth, and if the water is
allowed to dry up and the vessel is broken, we will see that this is so. In the
same way, seeds and flesh are joined together. I will say no more on this
point.” [29]
- The
meat is made of menstrual blood:
Joseph Needham says of Aristotle's On the Generation of
Animals:
"The purely embryological discussion begins in section 14, where it is
stated that the embryo is nourished by the mother's blood, which flows into the
fetus and there coagulates, forming the flesh of the fetus." [30]
★ Hippocrates:
- The eighteen steps of embryogenesis, see (Differences between Hippocrates and
Islam).
- “A
pregnant woman has a good color if she is carrying a boy, and a bad color
if she is carrying a girl” [31] and this information remained in
Western medical books until the eighteenth century!
Jean Bonnard says of the Hippocrates Aphorisms, in which
this information is given:
"One of the most famous treatises in the collection (the most widely read
and commented upon, and which served as a handbook for Western physicians until
the eighteenth century) is a collection no older than the fourth century. It is
traditionally divided into seven sections, the fifth of which contains numerous
aphorisms on women." [32]
- The female body is abnormal compared to that of the male.
- The uterus, if dropped outside the body, would resemble a scrotum.
“Indeed,” says Jean Bonnard,
“the abnormal female body is always thought of in comparison with the normative
male body, as the comparisons used by Hippocratic physicians show. For example,
‘If the uterus falls completely outside the genitals, the collection hangs like
a scrotum.’” [33]
- “In women, congestion of blood in the breasts is a sign of impending
madness.” [34]
- Flesh arises from menstrual blood:
“ Afterwards, the flesh is created by the blood descending through the
mother.24” [35]
- Because the male body is hotter, the male fetus is formed more quickly than
the female fetus, the male fetus being fully formed after 30 days, while the
female fetus is formed after 42 days.
“Following this stage, the bones harden and are hollowed out by breathing;28
then fingers and toes appear and nails grow. According to Hippocrates, a male
embryo requires thirty days to form and a female forty two days.29” [36]
- Gait
is only formed when the sinuses are formed.
The chorion is created when the sinuses are formed and
receive the blood.26 The previous source, p. 38 ★ Soranus, the genius of gynecology, Q2
- The male semen is only responsible for the formation of the fetus, while the
female semen descends in the urine through the urethra, with no use in forming.
- The semen coagulates to form the fetus
Jean Bonnard says:
"He believed that the principle of formation (of the fetus) is specific to
the male. In his opinion, only the semen is effective. Its movement allows it
to enter the uterus, where it is retained and where it coagulates to form a
fetus. It is certain that the woman emits a kind of seed,16 but this is of no
use in forming (the fetus) and as a result it is evacuated through the bladder:
the spermatic duct, which begins in the uterus, passes through each ovary and
after following the sides of the organ to the bladder, empties into the neck of
the latter. Observations show that the female seed does not seem to have been
collected for the purpose of conception, as it is discharged externally; I have
taken a position on these facts in my treatise on seeds (Gynecology
1.4.93-98)." [37]
- The
female reproductive organs remained inside the woman's body due to the
lack of her body temperature.
“They simply remained inside the body due to lack of vital
heat.” [38]
- Male
body temperature is higher than female.
“And as the human race is the most perfect of all, so the
man within man is more perfect than the woman, and the reason for his
perfection is his greater heat, because heat is the first instrument of
nature.” [39]
Differences between Galen and Islam
- In
the first six days, the liver is primitive and undeveloped. It all begins
with the liver, which supplies the fetus with nutrition through the
umbilical cord, allowing the fetus to exist as a plant.
- Two
of the four vessels in the fetus become one, forming a large vein that
enters the liver.
- The
vein formed in the navel divides internally, like the trunk of a tree,
first into two parts and then into other parts, until one produces the
liver and the other forms the intestine.
- Veins
form the stomach and spleen.
- The
intestine and rectum are covered with a fatty membrane.
- Two
arteries are attached to the bladder and then descend to the lower
extremities.
- The
great spinal artery connects to the left ventricle of the heart and
divides into two parts.
- The
liver has two "gates", the upper gate is intended for the
development of veins in the liver area, while the lower gate builds all
those leading to the stomach, spleen or intestines. The vena cava runs the
entire length of the animal. One part of it is fixed in the middle of the
spine and the other ascends through the middle of the chest to the throat.
- The
heart has two ventricles. Blood that is warmer flows from the liver
through the right portal while blood that is warmer flows from the
arteries through the left portal.
- In
the third stage, the brain is built and the face, limbs and joints are
formed.
- In
the fourth stage teeth appear, hair grows, etc. The faculty of spirit,
mental ability, is gradually acquired as the newborn child can use his
body and the senses and organs function perfectly.
(In his book “The Embryogenesis” Galen describes the stages of embryogenesis
from the moment of conception, and Galen describes the process of embryogenesis
in his book “The Embryogenesis”32 as follows: First, two of the four vessels in
the embryo are transformed into one, and form a large vein which is inserted
into the liver. On the other hand, the vein formed in the navel divides
internally, like the trunk of a tree, first into two parts and then into other
parts, until one produces the substance of the liver and the other forms the
mesentery, acquires the stomach and spleen, and then covers the intestines,
reticulum and rectum. These organs did not exist before, and like the liver,
are built up by veins.
Two arteries are attached to the bladder of the fetus and continue to the lower
extremity of the body to the sacrum, where they grow separately into each leg.
In the upper part of the body, the large spinal artery connects to the left
ventricle of the heart and divides into two parts. While the liver is formed in
the first days of pregnancy, the heart is gradually formed from the blood
supplied by the mother through the arteries or through the liver.
Here Galen gives his opinion33 on Polybius’ observation of the fetus being
expelled The pregnant woman.34 It is assumed that the body (the six-day-old
fetus) inside the placenta was probably the liver in an undeveloped and
unformed state.
In these early stages, the fetus grows in the same way as a plant. It continues
to form and grow, and as Galen supposed, the complete division of the veins
takes place in the liver. The umbilical vein continues to divide like a tree
and ends in the limbs of the fetus. The substance of the liver expands around
the veins and fills the spaces between them.
The liver has two "gates", the upper gate intended to develop the
veins in the region of the liver, while the lower gate builds all those leading
to the stomach, spleen or intestines. The vena cava runs along the entire
length of the animal. One part of it is fixed in the middle of the spine and
the other ascends through the middle of the chest to the throat.
In addition, the heart has two ventricles. The blood that is of moderate
temperature flows from the liver through the right gate while the blood that is
of warmer temperature flows from the arteries through the left gate. Because of
this movement, which is at first a very slow pulse, the heart begins to beat,
and at the same time moves the arteries. At this stage, the embryo is no longer
considered a plant, but lives as an invertebrate animal.
Galen knows that the heart needs blood to function, which, according to him, is
created in the liver. “For this reason he sees that the liver is created first,
while the heart is gradually formed. 35 The brain is produced and developed at
a later stage because the embryo does not need sensitive powers in the mother’s
womb. In the third stage, the brain is built up with the various parts of the
face, the limbs are articulated, and the skull acquires solidity.
In the fourth stage, after the heart and all the other parts of the body have
been strengthened, the child assumes the functions of the nourishing soul:
teeth appear, hair grows, etc. The faculty of the soul, the mental capacity, is
gradually acquired when the newborn child is able to use its body and the
senses and organs function perfectly. 36 As has been shown above, the
developing embryo, in the first stage, has a plant life. Later it turns into an
invertebrate form until it finally exists as an animal.” [40]
|
Galen |
Islam |
|
The embryo is formed in 4 stages |
The fetus is formed in six stages |
|
First Stage: Semen |
The first stage: a mixture of some of the man’s semen and
all of the woman’s semen. |
|
The Second Stage: The Semen is Filled with Blood and the
Beginnings of the Heart and Liver |
The second stage (the transformation of the sperm into the
leech) |
|
The third stage is the completion of the three ruling
parts and the formation of all the organs of the body, including the
bones, stomach and limbs.
(And then comes the third stage, in which we can see
clearly, as has been said, the three governing parts, and a sort of outline,
or silhouette, as it were, of all the other parts. You will see the formation
of the three governing parts more clearly, the parts of the stomach more
vaguely, and the limbs more distinctly. Later, these parts form
"branches,") |
The third stage is the “embryo.” |
|
The fourth stage is the completion of the differentiation
of the limbs |
Stage IV: Bone Formation |
|
Stage 5: Covering the bones with flesh |
|
|
The sixth stage is creating another creation. |
|
Differences between Abu Qarat and Islam
According to Abu Qarat, it takes 30 days for a male to be formed, and 42 days
for a female to be formed. The sex of the fetus is step number 13 out of a
total of 17 steps[45]; meaning that the sex of the male fetus is determined
before day 30 by a period, and in the female fetus before day 42 by a period.
- Everything
is formed in the fetus at the same time. The limbs are formed at the same
time. The only difference is in the time of their appearance, as the
larger one appears first.
- If
pregnancy will not occur, the uterus expels the sperm, and if pregnancy
will occur, it does not expel it.
- Semen
remains in the uterus for 6 days.
- Female
semen descends into the uterus with menstrual blood.
- The
formation of membranes begins in the navel area through the breathing
process.
- The
flesh is formed from menstrual blood through respiration.
- The
navel is formed in the middle of the flesh.
- The
sinuses are formed.
- The
placenta forms after the sinuses form.
- The
meat is divided into parts to form the limbs.
- The
head separates from the shoulders and the limbs become more distinct.
- Nerves
spread around the joints, and the joints touch.
- Nerves
are formed.
- The
eyes are filled with a clear fluid.
- The
stomach is formed and the sex of the fetus is determined.
- The
fetus breathes through its nose and mouth; tubes form from the stomach to
the anus.
- Due
to breathing, a dense outer crust is formed, which leads to the drying of
the internal moisture, so bones form and become hollow, and nerves form.
- The
parts that do not dry out retain moisture and lead to the formation of the
abdomen and hollow veins.
- The
middle part between the bone and the stomach, from which water contracts
and meat is formed.
- Then
the fingers and nails are formed.
- Then
the hair is formed.
- Then
the fetus begins to move.
Joseph Needham comments on the strangeness of this argument:
“While at first sight it seems somewhat fanciful, there are several interesting
things to note. First, there is a marked attempt throughout it at causal
explanation rather than just morphological description. The Hippocratic writer
aims to explain the growth of the embryo from the beginning on machine-like
principles, doubtless inconveniently simplified, but directly related to the
observed properties of fire and water. In this way, he is the spiritual
predecessor of Gassendi and Descartes. The second interesting point is that he
speaks of the embryo drying up as it grows, an observation that anyone can make
by comparing a chick on the fourth day with one on the fourteenth day.” [46]
After describing the six-day seed, he moves on to the next stage of creation:
the seed grows as the mother’s blood descends into the womb,23 and the
membranes from the navel are multiplied by the creation of connections by
respiration. Next, flesh is created by the blood descending through the
mother.24 The navel is in the center of the flesh, through which the embryo can
breathe and grow.25 The membranes grow As the fetus grows, it takes the form of
sinuses in which blood flows. The placenta is created when the sinuses are
formed and receive blood. 26
Then the limbs begin to grow as the flesh divides into limbs and is distributed
to different parts of the body. The body parts become more distinct and the
head separates from the shoulders. The arms, forearms, sides and legs become
separate from each other. The nerves are scattered around the joints and touch
each other. The nose and ears are designed and the eyes are filled with a clear
fluid. At this stage, the sex and viscera can be seen. Breathing occurs through
the nose and mouth; the abdomen and intestines are filled with air as the
breath comes from the navel. External paths (tubes) are made from the abdomen
and intestines to the anus and bladder. All these parts are formed through
breathing. 27
After this stage, the bones harden and hollow with breathing; 28 then the
fingers and toes appear and the nails grow. According to Hippocrates, the male
fetus needs thirty days to form, while the female fetus needs forty-two days.
29 Finally, the baby’s hair begins to grow and then it begins to move, 30
reaching the final stage of penetrating the membranes to exit the womb. Here
Hippocrates declares that the end of pregnancy comes with the first movements
of the child, who now takes the initiative to push the membranes away and make
his way into the world because of his need for food.31" [47]
“Whatever sex the shell gives to the embryo, it moves, being moist, by fire,
and thus extracts its nourishment from the food and breath which enter the
mother. First of all, this attraction is the same throughout the body, for the
body is porous, but by movement and fire it dries up and hardens as it hardens,
and a dense outer shell is formed, and then the fire within cannot attract
sufficient nourishment nor expel the air, because of the density of the
surrounding surface. Therefore the internal moisture is consumed. In this way
the parts which are naturally hard and dry are not consumed to nourish the
fire, but they become stronger and more dense as the moisture disappears—these
are called bones and nerves. The fire burns up the mixed moisture and advances
towards the natural constitution of the body in this way; through the hard and
dry parts it cannot create permanent channels, but it can do so through the
soft moist parts, because these are all its nourishment. There is also in these
parts a certain dryness which the fire does not consume, and they become
compact with each other. Therefore the internal fire becomes the most abundant,
because it is closed on all sides, and makes for itself the greatest number of
channels (because this is the most moist part) and this is what is called The
abdomen... and then, finding no food outside it, he made air pipes and pipes
for the conduction and distribution of food. As for the confined fire, it runs
three circuits in the body, and the most moist parts become the hollow veins.
In the middle part the rest of the water contracts [48]
And he says in paragraph 26 of the same book:
“And in section 26 of the same letter;
“Everything in the embryo is formed at one time. All the limbs separate from
each other at the same time and grow, and none comes before or after the other,
but those that are naturally larger appear before the smaller, without being
formed before that. “Not all embryos are formed at the same time, but some
earlier and some later according to whether they have met with fire and food,
some appearing all within 40 days, others within two or three or four months.
They also become visible at different times and appear to the light carrying
the mixture (of fire and water) that they will always have.”
And he talks about how to determine the sex of the embryo:
- If
the male and female sperm are strong, the fetus is male.
- If
both are weak, the fetus is female.
- If
they differ, the quantity is the one that matters.
“When a woman has intercourse, if she is not to conceive, it
is her custom to expel the sperm produced by both partners whenever she desires
it. However, if she is to conceive, the sperm are not expelled, but are
retained by the womb. For when the womb receives the sperm, it closes and
retains them, because the moisture causes the opening of the womb to contract.
Then what the man gives and what the woman gives are mixed together. If the
woman is an expert in childbirth, and takes when the sperm are retained, she
will know the exact day on which she conceived.
” Now, here is another point. What the woman gives is sometimes stronger,
sometimes weaker; and this also applies to what the man gives. In fact, both
partners contain male and female sperm (the male being stronger than the
female, and must of course arise from a stronger sperm). And here is another
point: if (a) both partners produce a strong sperm, the male is the result,
while if (b) each produces a weak form, the female is the result. But if (c)
one part produces one kind of sperm, and the other another, the resulting sex
is determined by which sperm predominates in quantity.
For suppose the weaker sperm is much greater in quantity than the stronger
sperm, the stronger one prevails, mixes with the weak one, and produces a
female. And if the stronger sperm is greater in quantity than the weak one, and
the weak one prevails, the result is a male.” [49]
Differences between Aristotle and Islam
- The
fetus is formed from the man's semen and menstrual blood.
- The
male semen is slowly covered with a blood clot.
- The
clot then turns into a membrane and placenta.
- The
first organ to form is the heart, and the rest of the organs form around
it.
“Aristotle believed that there was only one seed, the male semen, formed from
the warmth of the food absorbed by the male’s blood. The female was the
recipient, and the uterus provided the embryonic material. The seed would
develop inside the uterus as an egg develops in a nest. 5 He believed that when
the male seed was inside the uterus, it would encounter the female’s menstrual
blood. Concerning the physical development of the embryo, he claimed that when
the male seed entered the uterus it would slowly be covered by a blood clot.
The clot would gradually turn into a membrane and the placenta separating the
embryo from the uterus and the fluid. The heart would be the first organ to
form (associated with the animal principle, ἀ ρχ ὴ ,
because this is the moment when the embryo begins to live its own life),
followed by the body gradually building up around the heart and different parts
beginning to appear and grow.” [50]
★ Embryos
in Hinduism ★
- The child is like the first man the mother sees on the fourth day of
menstruation_Sasruta 6th century BC
- A woman's desire for intercourse after menstruation exposes her to the risk
of pregnancy without intercourse by the wind god Vayu causing the menstrual
blood to flow into her womb and the fetus to emerge devoid of bones and
muscles.
- The male semen matures at the age of 25 and in the woman at the age of 16; if
the parents are younger than this age, the fetus dies or is born deformed.
- After the end of the menstrual period, intercourse on even nights produces a
male offspring; on odd nights, a female child is conceived.
- When the tekhas are watery in color, the skin is light in color; when they
are earthy, the skin is dark in color.
- The female semen Artava blocks the openings of the uterus, so the menstrual
blood accumulates and the placenta is formed, and it accumulates in the upper
sex, causing the breasts to swell. ◄ Sushruta
Samhita, the
Indian physician of the 6th century BC, says:
- “A
child is like the first man she sees on the fourth day of menstruation. So
she should look at her husband before she begins her day.” [51]
- “It
may be due to women, who after their menstrual period dream of sexual
intercourse; in this case Vayu may cause the menstrual fluid to flow into
her womb and make her pregnant. This fetus may grow month by month and be
born as Kalala, devoid of bones and muscle tissue. The irreligious
thoughts of the parents and the sins of past lives arouse the dosha and
deform the fetus; defects in fate; time; seed; and diseases of the mother,
also cause deformities or produce birth defects.” [52]
- “The
seeds mature in men and women at the ages of 25 and 16 respectively. The
doctor should know this well. If the parents are younger than this age,
the fetus does not grow, dies early, or is deformed.” [53]
- “The
tejas dhatu is the cause of the nature of the complexion and is determined
at the time of coexistence; the complexion is light in colour if it is
aquatic. If it is dark in colour, when the tejas takes a terrestrial form.
It is shaded, when this form is terrestrial and shares the akash. When the
ap and the akash are prominent, the complexion is light in colour and dark
in colour . ” [54]
- “When
a woman becomes pregnant, Garbha blocks the srotas of Artava and
menstruation disappears. When it is blocked in the lower part, it
accumulates, reaches the upper part of the uterus and forms the placenta
(Apara). The rest of the Artava rises higher in the body and causes the
breasts to swell, thus becoming full and prominent.” [55]
- Gender
of the fetus
"The child is male when the mother secretes first in
the right breast, feels heaviness in the eye, walks with the right foot
forward, desires to pronounce masculine names, etc. The child is female, if the
opposite conditions exist. When the middle part of the abdomen sinks inward
like a saucer, there may be twins." [56] ◄ Charaka
Samhita ; 2nd century BCE
" After the period of menstruation is over, coitus on even nights
produces a male issue ; on odd nights, a female issue is conceived. Those
desiring a child should cohabit during the genetic period after purifying
themselves properly."
[ 57]
When a woman becomes pregnant, Garbha blocks the
srotas of Artava and menstruation disappears. When it is blocked
in the lower part, it accumulates, reaches the upper part of the uterus and
forms the placenta ( Apara ). The rest of the Artava rises
up in the body and causes the breasts to swell, thus becoming full and
prominent.
Side study (the meaning of the leech in the Holy Quran)
It has two meanings in the language (coagulated blood; red worm); the text can
bear either meaning; and both are medically correct, as the fetus in that early
period - as we will see - is full of non-moving blood clots (coagulated), i.e.
not in a moving blood circulation; and it also resembles water leech (a type of
worm).
Al-Khalil bin Ahmed said in (Al-Ain):
“Alaq: Alaq: congealed blood before it dries, and a piece is a leech. Alaqah: a
red insect that is in the water,” [58]
Ibn Duraid in Jamharat al-Lughah:
“Alaq is blood...and Alaq: a well-known worm that is in the water, whether it
is fetal or otherwise.” [59]
Al-Jawhari in Sihah al-Lughah:
“Alaq: thick blood, and a piece of it is a leech. Alaqah: a worm in the water
that sucks blood.” [60]
Ibn Sidah in Al-Mukhtas fi al-Lughah:
“Alaq that is in the water, its singular is alaqah, and it is said that an
animal drank and became stuck if the leech stuck to it, and the leech became
stuck to it, and the one who is stuck is the one whose throat the leech
took.” [61]
Nashwan al-Himyari:
Alaq: plural: alaqah, and it is a red worm that is in the water and sticks to
the palate of the animal when it drinks.
Al-‘Alaq: what the pulley is attached to from the stature. Ru’bah said:
The rattling of the axle is the hook
of the al-‘Alaq. It is also said: Al-‘Alaq: the pulley’s tool. It is said:
There is still a ‘Alaq on so-and-so’s well: meaning there are still two buckets
and a stature on it. [62]
Zayn al-Din al-Razi in Mu’jam Mukhtar al-Sihah:
(Alaq) is thick blood and a piece of it (Alaqah). And (the leech) is also a
worm in the water that sucks blood, and the plural is (alaq)... and the animal
is stuck if it drinks water and the (leech) sticks to it” [63]
Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzur:
“And the leech: blood, whatever it was and it was said: it is the thick, solid
blood, and it was said: the solid before it dries, and it was said: it is what
is intensely red, and a piece of it is a leech... and from it this animal was
called which “ There is a leech in the water because it is red like blood,
and all thick blood is a leech. The leech is a well-known black worm in the
water, the singular is a leech. The animal became attached to it with a
leech.” [64]
Dictionary of the Supplement to Arabic Dictionaries:
“Alaq: In One Thousand and One Nights (3: 25) it is said that the rhinoceros
eats leeches. [65]
Al-Tafsir al-Wasit:
“Alaqah in the language: the singular of Alaq, and it is applied to thick
and solid blood, and to a worm in stagnant water that attaches to the body and
sucks its blood, and to everything that attaches to something else or is
attached to it,” [ 66]
Al-Fayruzabadi’s interpretation:
“Blood in general, or intense redness, or thick, or a solid piece of it.”
[ 67]
Diwan al-Adab Dictionary:
“Alaq: the plural of Alaqah, and it is from blood: what is intensely red. Alaq:
the worm that sticks to the palate of an animal when it drinks. Alaq: the
pulley. [68]
Mu'jam Al-Sihah Taj Al-Lughah:
“[Alaq] Alaq: thick blood, and a piece of it is a leech. Alaqah: a worm in the
water that sucks blood, and the plural is Alaq. Alaq of the water skin: a
language for the sweat of the water skin. It is said: I strained for you, the
water skin became clotted.” [69]
Al-Azhari’s Dictionary of Tahdheeb Al-Lughah:
“And God Almighty said: {Then We created the sperm-drop into a clot}
(Al-Mu’minun: 14). The clot is the thick, solid blood, and from it this
creature that is in the water is called a clot, because it is red like blood.
And all thick blood is a clot.” [70]
Galen's "Book of Semen" is available in two Greek manuscripts, the
first Mosquensis Gr.466 from the fifteenth century, and the second manuscript
parisinus 2279 from the sixteenth century [71]
but the oldest manuscripts of the Book of Semen are the Arabic manuscript
Istanbul Ayasofia3590 from the twelfth century, and the manuscript
Laurentianus226/173 from the thirteenth century, also Arabic [72]
The shape of the fetus in the early stage:
- A
worm surrounded by blood islands on all sides [73]
The blue dotted color is the radiographic blood islands.
- Non-moving
blood clots in the form of blood circulation, but rather in the form of
fixed, adjacent clots, are present in the fetus in the early period, and
around the fetus in the yolk sac as well [74] :
[1] “The boy moves sooner because he is stronger than
the girl, just as he coagulates sooner, because the male originates in a
stronger and thicker seed than the female.” Male and female bodies according to
Ancient Greek authors, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty
and Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[2] “The women who while pregnant have spots on their faces are carrying a
girl, while those who have a good complexion are most often carrying a
boy" Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians,
Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte
Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[3] “The variation in the amount of moisture, which is found even in the
texture of the flesh – that of women being thought of as spongier than that of
men25 – is linked to the quantity of blood in their bodies, which is
represented (incorrectly, since the opposite is true) as more abundant in the
woman than in the man from puberty onwards." Male and female bodies
according to Ancient Greek physicians, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by
Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[4] “For the Stagirite, whose physiological system is Based on the
postulate of the fungibility of all bodily fluids, semen comes neither from the
brain via the marrow, as Plato, the Pythagoreans, and (probably) Empedocles
thought, nor from all parts of the body, as the atomists and the Hippocratic
people claimed, but rather from the blood – or rather, the hot part of the
blood, aerated like foam, hence the white color of sperm. Just like milk, the
menses, or fat, the seed, passing through the intermediate stage of blood, is a
“useful residue” (perittôma) of food. It is in fact the most subtle,
concentrated, and complete of the residues of food, that has undergone a
coction of superior quality and intensity, “a residue of food in its final
degree of elaboration.”35 Such a coction could only be produced by a perfectly
hot body. This is why the blood of women, who are colder by nature, produces a
residue that is insufficiently cooked, useless unless the woman is pregnant,
and thus voided by the menses. If the woman is impregnated, this residue
provides only the matter of the embryo, the nourishment for the fetus during
the pregnancy, and finally the milk after the birth. The difference in the
quality of the residue at once puts the male and female in a hierarchical
relationship" Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek authors,
Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte
Cuchet https://journals .openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[5]"The other contributions of Diogenes to this primitive embryology were
the recognition of the placenta as an organ of foetal nutrition, and the view
that the male embryo was formed in four months but the female not till five
months had elapsed-a notion similar to that found in Asclepiades and
Empedocles, as we have seen.", A History of Embryology, Joseph
Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg30.
[6] “Asclepiades said that the members of males because they are hotter
are jointed and receive shape in the space of 26 days, and many of them sooner,
but are finished and complete in all limbs within 50 days but females require
two months ere they be fashioned, and fewer before they come to their
perfection, for that they want natural heat As for the parts of unreason-able
creatures they come to their completion sooner or later, according to the
temperature of their elements "A History of. Embryology, Joseph
Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg28.
[7] "and asserted that the influence of the maternal imagination upon
the embryo was so great that its formation could be guided and interfered with.
1 Empedocles [says Plutarch] said that men begin to take form after the
thirty-first day and are finished and knit in their parts within 50 days
wanting one "A History of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur
Hughes, pg28.
[8] What is a ἔ μβρυον ? A Lexical Study of Hippocrates'
and Galen's Theories on its Creation and Development Tamara Martí Casado and
Maria Savva (University of Paris-Sorbonne)37.
[9] “Empedocles of Acragas, who lived about 444 BC, believed that “the
embryo derives its composition out of vessels that are four in number, two
veins and two arteries, through which blood is brought to the embryo.” He also
held that the sinews are formed from a mixture of equal parts of earth and air,
that the nails are water congealed, and that the bones are formed from a
mixture of equal parts of water and earth Sweat and tears, on the other hand.
are made up of four parts of fire to one of water ” A History of
Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg28.
[10] "and asserted that the influence of the maternal imagination
upon the embryo was so great that its formation could be guided and interfered
with. 1 Empedocles [says Plutarch] said that men begin to take form after the
thirty-first day and are finished and knit in their parts within 50 days
wanting one "A History of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur
Hughes, pg28.
[11]"Asclepiades said that the members of males because they are hotter
are jointed and receive shape in the space of 26 days, and many of them sooner,
but are finished and complete in all limbs within 50 days but females require
two months ere they are fashioned, and fewer before they come to their
perfection, for that they want natural heat As for the parts of unreason-able
creatures they come to their accomplishment sooner or later, according to the
temperature of their elements "A History of. Embryology, Joseph
Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg28.
[12] “He also associated heat with the generation of little animals out of
slime” A History of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg30.
[13] He considered that the embryo was not alive". A History
of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg4.
[14] "If the seed falls into the right side of the uterus it will
give birth to a boy, but on the left a girl." ale and female bodies
according to Ancient Greek physicians, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by
Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[15] Bergsträßer, Hunain ibn Ishaq, No. 62.
[16] GALEN, ON SEMEN, EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY, BOOK1, PG87
[17 ] GALEN,ON SEMEN,EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY,BOOK1,PG91.
[18] GALEN, ON SEMEN, EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY, BOOK1, PG91.
[19] GALEN, ON SEMEN, EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY, BOOK1, PG91.
[20] GALEN, ON SEMEN, EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY, BOOK1, PG91.
[21] Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination By: Laura Hake, Ph.D.
(Biology Department, Boston College) & Clare O'Connor, Ph.D. (Biology
Department, Boston College) © 2008 Nature Education Here
[22] GALEN,ON SEMEN,EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY,BOOK1,PG65.
[23] “This doctrine of the two seeds, reinforced by Epicurean support,
competed for many centuries with the Aristotelian doctrine that only the male
contributed seed while the female provided blood” A History of
Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg4.
[24]"It is very revealing, moreover, that in the context of his exposition
of this general rule on the frequency of resemblances, and more precisely when
he has just been speaking of teratological departures from nature, Aristotle
arrives at the affirmation that “the first departure [from nature] is the birth
of a female instead of a male.” Male and female bodies according to Ancient
Greek physicians, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and
Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[25] “When [the uterus] has remained sterile For a long time after having
passed the suitable age, this organ becomes impatient; it does not accept this
state, and because it begins to wander throughout the body, obstructing the
orifices by which the breath goes out and preventing respiration, it throws the
body into the most extreme states and provokes illnesses of all kinds.” Male
and female bodies according to Ancient Greek authors, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard,
Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[26] “The woman produces a seed that only serves as food for the embryo.
The fashioning of the embryo is a form of coction that in a famous metaphor
Aristotle compares to the curdling of milk." Male and female bodies
according to Ancient Greek physicians, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by
Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https
://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[27] “Purely embryological discussion begins at Section 14, where it is
stated that the embryo is nourished by maternal blood, which flows to the
foetus and there co-agulates, forming the embryonic flesh." A
History of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg35.
[28] " The comparison of the formation of the embryo with the
clotting of milk into cheese, first noted in Aristotle (see pp. 50, 84-5), also
occurs in Indian embryology. The Subruta-samhita says that as the semen and
blood undergo chemical changes through heat, seven different layers of skin
(kala) are formed, like the creamy layers (santānikā) formed in milk. This
concept occurs again in a Sütra on embryology originally written in Sanskrit,
translated into Chinese (first MS. AD 1104), and now into German by Hübotter.
“Development, O Ananda,” Buddha is made to say, “is comparable to a vessel of
milk, like this ferments and forms a kind of kefir or cheese.” The rest of this
text contains an account of the harmonious collaboration of many factors
(“winds” with different names; a typically Buddhist characteristic) in the
formation of the foetus.1 “ A History of Embryology, Joseph
Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg27.
[29]"The bones are harden, coagulated by the heat." Then a
demonstration experiment follows: Attach a tube to an earthen vessel, introduce
through it some earth, sand, and lead chips, then pour in some water and blow
through the tube. First of all, everything will be mixed up, but after a
certain time the lead will go to the lead, the sand to the sand, and the earth
to the earth, and if the water is allowed to dry up and the vessel will be
broken , it will be seen that this is so. In the same way seed and flesh
articulate themselves. I shall say no more on this point." A
History of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg35.
[30] " Purely embryological discussion begins at Section 14, where it
is stated that the embryo is nourished by maternal blood, which flows to the
foetus and there co-agulates, forming the embryonic flesh." A
History of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg35.
[31] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians,
Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte
Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[32] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians,
Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte
Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[33] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians,
Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte
Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[34] “in women, a congestion of blood in the breasts is a sign of
impending madness.” Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek
physicians, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and
Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[35] What is an ἔ μβρυον ? A Lexical Study of Hippocrates'
and Galen's Theories on its Creation and Development Tamara Martí Casado and
Maria Savva (University of Paris-Sorbonne)37.
[36] What is a ἔ μβρυον ? A Lexical Study of Hippocrates'
and Galen's Theories on its Creation and Development Tamara Martí Casado and
Maria Savva (University of Paris-Sorbonne)37.
[37] “15 He nevertheless believed that the principle of generation resided
in the male. In his view, only the sperm is active. Its mobility permits it to
enter the uterus, where it is retained and can coagulate to form an embryo. To
be sure, the woman emits a kind of seed, 16 but this is useless for generation
and as a result is evacuated by means of the bladder:
The seminal duct, which begins in the uterus, passes through each ovary and
after following the flanks of the organ as far as the bladder, empties into the
neck of the latter. Observations indicate that the female seed does not seem to
be collected for the purpose of conception, since it is discharged externally;
I have taken a position on these facts in my treatise On Seed (Diseases of
Women 1.4.93-98)." Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek
physicians, Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and
Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[38] “They have simply remained inside the body due to a lack of vital
heat.” Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek authors, Jean-Baptiste
Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[39] “Just as the human species is the most perfect of all the animals,
within the human the man is more perfect than the woman, and the reason for his
perfection is his greater heat, for heat is the first instrument of
nature." Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek Physicians,
Jean-Baptiste Bonnard, Translated by Lillian E. Doherty and Violaine Sebillotte
Cuchet https://journals.openedition.org/cliowgh/339
[40] What is an ἔ μβρυον ? A Lexical Study of Hippocrates'
and Galen's Theories on its Creation and Development Tamara Martí Casado and
Maria Savva (University of Paris-Sorbonne)39-42.
[41] “Let us divide the creation of the fetus overall into four periods of
time.” GALEN,ON SEMEN,EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY,BOOK1,PG91.
[42] “But let us take the account back again to the first conformation of
the animal, and in order to make our account orderly and clear, let us divide
the creation of the foetus overall into four periods of time.1. The first is
that in which, as is seen both in abortions and in dissection, the form of the
semen prevails At this time, Hippocrates too, the all-marvelous, does not yet
call the conformation of the animal a foetus; just now in the case of semen
voided on the sixth day, he still calls it semen.” GALEN,ON SEMEN,EDITION,
TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE LACY,BOOK1,PG91.
[43]“The 2 first is that in which, as is seen both in abortions and in
dissections, the form of the semen prevails. At this time Hippocrates too, the
all-marvelous, 3 does not yet call the conformation of the animal a fetus; As
we heard just now in the case of the semen voided in the sixth day, he still
calls it semen But when it has been filled with blood, and heart, brain, and
liver are 4 (still) unarticulated and unshaped yet have by now a certain
solidity and considerable size, this is the second period; the substance of the
fetus has the form of flesh and no longer the form of semen.” GALEN,ON
SEMEN,EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE LACY,BOOK1,PG91.
[44] “The fourth and final period is at the stage when all the parts in
the 9 limbs have been differentiated; and at this point Hippocrates the
marvel-ous no longer calls the fetus an embryo only, but already a child, too”
GALEN, ON SEMEN, EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE LACY, BOOK1,
PG95.
[45] “After that, limbs start to grow as the flesh is divided into limbs
and allocated to various parts of the body. Body parts become more separated
and the head is detached from the shoulders. The arms, forearms, sides and legs
are Now all separate from each other. The nerves are thrown around the joints
and come into contact with each other. The nose and ears are designed and the
eyes are filled with pure liquid. At this point, the sex and the viscera can be
seen. Breathing through The nose and mouth occur; the belly and the intestine
fill up with air as the breath comes from the umbilicus are made from the belly
and the intestine to the anus and bladder. All these parts take shape through
breathing stage, the bones are harden and are hollowed out by breathing;28 then
fingers and toes appear and nails grow. According to Hippocrates, a male embryo
requires thirty days to form and a female forty two days.29 Finally, the
child's hair starts growing and then it begins to move,30 arriving at the final
stage of breaking through the membranes to come out of the womb. Here,
Hippocrates declares the end of pregnancy comes with the first movements of the
child, who now takes the initiative to push the membranes away and force its
way out into the world because of the need for food.31 “What is an ἔ μβρυον ?
A Lexical Study of Hippocrates' and Galen's Theories on its Creation and
Development Tamara Martí Casado and Maria Savva (University of
Paris-Sorbonne)37-38
[46]" In this account of the formation of the embryo, which seems at first
sight a little fantastic, there are several interesting things to be re-
marked. Firstly, there is to be noted throughout it a remarkable attempt at
causal explanations and not simply morphological description. The Hippocratic
writer is out to explain the development of the embryo from the very beginning
on machine-like principles, no doubt unduly simplified, but related directly to
the observed properties of fire and water. In this way he is the spiritual
ancestor of Gassendi and Descartes. The second point of interest is that he
speaks of the embryo drying up during its development, a piece of observation
which anyone could make by comparing a fourth-day chick with a fourteenth-day
one. A History of Embryology, Joseph Needham, Arthur Hughes, pg33.
[47] What is a ἔ μβρυον ? A Lexical Study of Hippocrates'
and Galen's Theories on its Creation and Development Tamara Martí Casado and
Maria Savva (University of Paris-Sorbonne)33.
[48] The Seed the book on The Nature of the Child (Hippocratic Writings,
Penguin Classics, 1983).
[49] the treatise on The Seed sections 5-7.
[50] What is a ἔ μβρυον ? A Lexical Study of Hippocrates'
and Galen's Theories on its Creation and Development Tamara Martí Casado and
Maria Savva (University of Paris-Sorbonne)33-34
[51] Acharya YT. Shushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sharirasthana, 2/44, 7th ed.
Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2002. p. 349.
[52] “These may be due to women, who after her menstrual period dreams of
copulation; in this case Vayu may cause the menstrual fluid to flow into her
own womb and make her conceive. Such a foetus may grow month by month and be
born as Kalala, devoid of bones and muscular tissues, irreligious thoughts of
parents and sins of past life excite the Dosha and deform the foetus in fate;
seed; and diseases of the mother, also cause abnormalities or produce birth
defects.” Acharya YT. Shushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sharirasthana, 2/67,
7 th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2002. p. 351.
[53] “The seeds in man and woman mature at the age of 25 and 16
respectively. A physician should know this well” Acharya YT. Shushruta,
Sushruta Samhita, Sutrasthana, 35/56, 7th. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;
2002. p. 352
[54] “Tejas Dhatu is the cause of the nature of complexion and is
determined at the time of co-habitation; the complexion is fair, if this is
watery. If it is dark, when Tejas assumes an earthy form. It is shady
"When this is earthy and shares of Akash, when Ap and Akash are prominent,
it is fair and dark."Acharya YT. Shushruta, Sushruta Samhita,
Sharirasthana, 2/77, 7th ed . Varanasi: Chaukhambha
Orientalia; 2002. p. 351 .
[55] “When a woman conceives, the Garbha blocks the outlets of srotas of
the Artava and menstruation disappears. When thus obstructed in the lower part,
it accumulates, comes to the upper part of the uterus and forms the placenta
(Apara). " Acharya YT. Shushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sharirasthana,
4/54, 7 th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2002. p.
360.
[56] “The child will be a male when the mother gets secretion first in the
right breast, has heaviness of eye, walks with right foot forward, desires
articles with a masculine name etc. The child is a female, if the Opposite
conditions are found. When the middle part of the abdomen sinks inwards like a
saucer, twins may be present" Acharya YT. Shushruta, Sushruta
Samhita, Sharirasthana, 3/71, 7th ed . Varanasi:
Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2002. p. 360.
[57] Acharya YT. Shushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sharirasthana, 3/62,
7th ed . Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2002. p. 362.
[58] “Al-Ain” (1/161)
[59] “Jamharat Al-Lughah” (2/940)
[60] “Al-Sahah, the Crown of Language and the Correct Arabic” (4/1529)
[61] “Al-Mukhtas” (2/ 319)
[62] “Sun of Sciences and the Medicine of the Speech of the Arabs from
Wounds” (7/4712)
[63] “Mukhtar al-Sihah” (p. 216)
[64] “Lisan al-Arab” (10/267)
[65] “Supplement to Arabic Dictionaries” ( 7/283)
[66] “The Intermediate Interpretation - Majma’ al-Buhuth” (6/1179)
[67] Al-Fayruzabadi’s Interpretation (p. 910)
[68] “Dictionary of the Diwan of Literature” (1/224)
[69] “Al-Sahah, the Crown of Language” And the correct Arabic language
(4/1529)
[70] “Refining the Language” (1/ 162)
[71] GALEN,ON SEMEN,EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY,INTRO,PG13-14.
[72] GALEN,ON SEMEN,EDITION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY PHILLIP DE
LACY,INTRO,PG14.
[73] Vascular Molecular Embryology, Steven A. Vokes & Paul A. Krieg
https://link.springer.com/referencew...-642-37078-6_2
[74] https://www.researchgate.net/figure
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