The Gospels are anonymous documents - documented scientific references
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon His chosen servants.
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Christians believe that these Gospels in their hands are inspired books written by God’s holy people led by the Holy Spirit. They attribute these books to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Did these people really write these Gospels, or are they unknown Gospels whose author or source we do not know? This negates their inspiration and reduces confidence in them, because we cannot trust books whose author we do not know, whether they were written by a believer, a righteous person, an enemy, or a friend. Are they really inspired or fabricated? The unknown author undermines the reliability of these books. Therefore, we wrote, with the help of Allah, this humble research to prove that the Gospels are unknown documents through the statements and research of scholars and specialized researchers.
We begin, with Allah’s blessing,
the modern interpretation - the Gospel of Matthew, where he says:
Introduction
to the New Testament - Dr. Priest Fahim Aziz, the Jesuit
translation, the book the Bible from scratch: the new testament for beginners by Donald L. Griggs Translation of the above:- It was believed that John was the author of the five books (the Book of Revelation, the Epistles 1, 2, and 3 attributed to John, and the Gospel attributed to John). When scholars examined the language of these books and studied them well, they concluded that John was not the author and did not write the five books, and the author of the Fourth Gospel (attributed to John) remains unknown (unknown).
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Christians believe that these Gospels in their hands are inspired books written by God’s holy people led by the Holy Spirit. They attribute these books to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Did these people really write these Gospels, or are they unknown Gospels whose author or source we do not know? This negates their inspiration and reduces confidence in them, because we cannot trust books whose author we do not know, whether they were written by a believer, a righteous person, an enemy, or a friend. Are they really inspired or fabricated? The unknown author undermines the reliability of these books. Therefore, we wrote, with the help of Allah, this humble research to prove that the Gospels are unknown documents through the statements and research of scholars and specialized researchers.
We begin, with Allah’s blessing,
the modern interpretation - the Gospel of Matthew, where he says:
to the New Testament - Dr. Priest Fahim Aziz, the Jesuit
The Truth
: About the Five Primary Religions & The Seven Rules of Any Good Religion by The Oracle Institute
Translation
: There is now scholarly agreement that the author of the Fourth Gospel (attributed to John) is unknown
Sacra
Pagina: The Gospel of John by theologian and New Testament professor Francis J. Moloney Translation : Whether John the son of Zebedee wrote the Fourth Gospel or not is a matter of endless debate (meaning that John cannot be proven to be the author) *Special thanks to the distinguished brother eng.con in the Ibn Maryam Forum The prominent Christian scholar Raymond E. Brown says: - Most likely neither the Gospel of Matthew nor the Gospel of John was actually written by the apostle who bears his name - the position of almost all major Catholic commentators today Source: Raymond E. Brown, The Critical Meaning of the Bible: How a Modern Reading of the Bible Challenges Christians, the Church, and the Churches (Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1981), pp. 69-70. “We must candidly acknowledge that all three of the Synoptic Gospels are anonymous documents. ” Keith F. Nickle. The Synoptic Gospels (2001). Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 43. “ All the Gospels in the New Nestament are anonymous works. ” Theologian and New Testament studies professor Francis Wright Pierre says: “second century guesses that gave the four canonical gospels the names by which we now know them; “The Gospels are anonymous texts — to say it again — but later authority issues among Christians forced them to identify Matthew, Mark, Luke and John as authors of the Gospels, and, in turn, to associate these names with apostolic auhority.” Strelan , R. (2007). Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 11
The late Jesuit priest Daniel J. Harrington, who was professor of New Testament and chairman of the department of biblical studies at Boston Theological Seminary, says
, “All four of the Gospels are anonymous, that is, they themselves do not tell us who their authors were. The Fourth Gospel indicates, as we shall see, that “the disciple Jesus loved,” who figures prominently in the second half, was responsible for this Gospel, but even he is anonymous. In the second century, the names of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were attached to the Gospels, and at the end of the century John was identified as the apostle of John. It is unlikely that the
Fourth Gospel as we have it was written by an apostle, but it may embody a tradition of interpreting Jesus that originated with the apostle, and of course we cannot prove or disprove that it was John.” In the second century the names of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were attached to the Gospels, and near the end of the century John was identified as the Apostle John. It is unlikely that the Fourth Gospel as we have it was written by an apostle, but it may embody a tradition of interpreting Jesus that originated with an apostle, and of course we can neither prove nor disprove that it was John.]
Source:
Achtemeier, P.J., Harrington, DJ, Karris, R.J. et. al. (2002). Invitation to the Gospels. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 328.
The renowned scholar of New Testament studies, textual criticism, and early Christianity, Bart Ehrman, says,
“The Gospels that came to be included in the New Testament were all written anonymously; only later were they called by the names of their famous authors, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
” “Only at a later time were they called by the names of their reputed authors, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
” Source:
Bart D. Ehrman. Lost Christianities (2005). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
Rev. Professor John F. Grady, professor of theology, says of Mark’s Gospel
, “The Gospel itself never states anything about its author, its origin
, or the time of composition.”
Professor John F. Grady continues in the same reference under the heading “The Unknown Evangelists.”
The same is true of all the Gospels. Matthew does not identify himself, nor does Luke, and in John the author seems to identify the beloved disciple, but this cannot be equated with the apostle John (John 21:24).
“Who wrote Mark? First, recall that nowhere does the author identify himself. The same is true for all the Gospels. Matthew does not identify himself, nor does Luke, and in the Gospel of John the author seems to identify himself with the beloved disciple, but this cannot be equated with the apostle John (Jn. 21:24).
Source:
John F. O'Grady. The Four Gospels and the Jesus Tradition (1989). New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 67.
The eminent New Testament scholar and scholar Richard Thomas France says: “The headings 'According to Matthew' ; 'According to Mark' etc.,
are not part of the text of the Gospels… are generally believed
to have been added early in the second century.”
Source
: R. T. France. The Evidence for Jesus (1986). London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 122
Here Dr. Richard France says that these names were added in the early second century AD, but there are those who say that they were added in the late second century AD. The first to attribute these unknown gospels to Matthew, Luke, Mark and John was Irenaeus from the late second century AD.
Professor Albert George Wells (who is one of those who say that Jesus did not exist in history) says
: “
And so we find Iranaeus (bishop of Lyons about AD 180) naming all four as they are now
named, and as the first to do so.”
Source:
G. A. Wells. Who Was Jesus? A Critique of the New Testament Record (1989). Illinois, La Salle: Open Court. p. 1
This is confirmed by the prominent Christian scholar Raymond Brown, who says:
“Let me add that the names you find in your New Testament, such as “The Gospel According to Matthew” (note that the oldest name is “According to
“Let me add that the designations that you find in your New Testament, such as “The Gospel According to Matthew” (
note that the oldest designation is “According to” and not “of”), are the result of late-second-century scholarship attempting to identify the authors of works that had no identification.
Source
: Raymond E. Brown. Op. Cit. p. 60
Professor Edwin Freed, professor emeritus of religion and biblical studies at Gettysburg College, says:
“Most New Testament scholars agree that the Gospels are anonymous and that the present titles were probably not added until sometime in the second century. Since the form of the title is the same for each Gospel, it is likely that each title was not given until after the Gospels were collected as a set of four. Then the name of a famous person was inserted into the writing of each Gospel.But the written reading, “the Gospel according to,” is not “the Gospel” by Matthew, Mark, or Luke, so the Gospels as we have them now are anonymous.
“Most NT scholars agree that the gospels are anonymous and that the present titles probably were not added until some time in the second century. Because the form of the title is the same for every gospel, a title was probably given to each only after the gospels had been collected as a group of four. Then the name of a well-known person was included in the superscription of each gospel. But the superscription read, “the gospel according to,” not “the gospel by” Matthew or Mark or Luke, so the gospels as we now have them are anonymous. ”
Source:
Edwin D. Freed. The New Testament, A Critical Introduction (2001). Wadsworth. p. 123.
Raymond Brown also says: “The view that the evangelists
were not themselves eyewitnesses of the public ministry of Jesus would be held in about 95% of contemporary critical scholarship.”
“in about 95% of
contemporary critical scholarship.”))
Source:
Raymond E. Brown. Response to 101
Questions on the Bible (1990). Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 59-60
************************************************
If these gospels are unknown, and no one can deny that, the gospels do not contain clear evidence of their author, nor is there any external, clear and strong evidence that tells us who wrote these gospels. The truth is that these books are propaganda, and they are books composed for specific purposes and do not reflect the true actions or sayings of Christ.
We conclude with this very important reference that confirms what we say:
The Cambridge Companion to the Bible,
in which Howard Clark Key, who was Professor of New Testament at Drew University, and the biblical scholar and archaeologist Eric M. Myers, and the professor of biblical studies John Rogerson Anthony J. Saldarini is a professor of Judaism and early Christianity at Boston College. The reference says: -
The primary sources for our knowledge of Jesus are the Gospels, which are not objective reports but propaganda
from the source
Kee, H. C., Meyers, E. M., Rogerson, J. & Saldarini, A. J. (1997). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 447
And our final supplication is that all praise is due to Allah, Lord of the Worlds. I ask for your prayers for me and for those who contributed to the production of this work. I ask Allah Almighty for sincerity and that this research will benefit the researching brothers and awaken the hearts of the heedless Christian friends. Amen.
: About the Five Primary Religions & The Seven Rules of Any Good Religion by The Oracle Institute
: There is now scholarly agreement that the author of the Fourth Gospel (attributed to John) is unknown
Sacra
Pagina: The Gospel of John by theologian and New Testament professor Francis J. Moloney Translation : Whether John the son of Zebedee wrote the Fourth Gospel or not is a matter of endless debate (meaning that John cannot be proven to be the author) *Special thanks to the distinguished brother eng.con in the Ibn Maryam Forum The prominent Christian scholar Raymond E. Brown says: - Most likely neither the Gospel of Matthew nor the Gospel of John was actually written by the apostle who bears his name - the position of almost all major Catholic commentators today Source: Raymond E. Brown, The Critical Meaning of the Bible: How a Modern Reading of the Bible Challenges Christians, the Church, and the Churches (Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1981), pp. 69-70. “We must candidly acknowledge that all three of the Synoptic Gospels are anonymous documents. ” Keith F. Nickle. The Synoptic Gospels (2001). Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 43. “ All the Gospels in the New Nestament are anonymous works. ” Theologian and New Testament studies professor Francis Wright Pierre says: “second century guesses that gave the four canonical gospels the names by which we now know them; “The Gospels are anonymous texts — to say it again — but later authority issues among Christians forced them to identify Matthew, Mark, Luke and John as authors of the Gospels, and, in turn, to associate these names with apostolic auhority.” Strelan , R. (2007). Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 11
The late Jesuit priest Daniel J. Harrington, who was professor of New Testament and chairman of the department of biblical studies at Boston Theological Seminary, says
, “All four of the Gospels are anonymous, that is, they themselves do not tell us who their authors were. The Fourth Gospel indicates, as we shall see, that “the disciple Jesus loved,” who figures prominently in the second half, was responsible for this Gospel, but even he is anonymous. In the second century, the names of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were attached to the Gospels, and at the end of the century John was identified as the apostle of John. It is unlikely that the
Fourth Gospel as we have it was written by an apostle, but it may embody a tradition of interpreting Jesus that originated with the apostle, and of course we cannot prove or disprove that it was John.” In the second century the names of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were attached to the Gospels, and near the end of the century John was identified as the Apostle John. It is unlikely that the Fourth Gospel as we have it was written by an apostle, but it may embody a tradition of interpreting Jesus that originated with an apostle, and of course we can neither prove nor disprove that it was John.]
Source:
Achtemeier, P.J., Harrington, DJ, Karris, R.J. et. al. (2002). Invitation to the Gospels. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 328.
The renowned scholar of New Testament studies, textual criticism, and early Christianity, Bart Ehrman, says,
“The Gospels that came to be included in the New Testament were all written anonymously; only later were they called by the names of their famous authors, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
” “Only at a later time were they called by the names of their reputed authors, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
” Source:
Bart D. Ehrman. Lost Christianities (2005). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
Rev. Professor John F. Grady, professor of theology, says of Mark’s Gospel
, “The Gospel itself never states anything about its author, its origin
, or the time of composition.”
Professor John F. Grady continues in the same reference under the heading “The Unknown Evangelists.”
The same is true of all the Gospels. Matthew does not identify himself, nor does Luke, and in John the author seems to identify the beloved disciple, but this cannot be equated with the apostle John (John 21:24).
“Who wrote Mark? First, recall that nowhere does the author identify himself. The same is true for all the Gospels. Matthew does not identify himself, nor does Luke, and in the Gospel of John the author seems to identify himself with the beloved disciple, but this cannot be equated with the apostle John (Jn. 21:24).
Source:
John F. O'Grady. The Four Gospels and the Jesus Tradition (1989). New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 67.
The eminent New Testament scholar and scholar Richard Thomas France says: “The headings 'According to Matthew' ; 'According to Mark' etc.,
are not part of the text of the Gospels… are generally believed
to have been added early in the second century.”
Source
: R. T. France. The Evidence for Jesus (1986). London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 122
Here Dr. Richard France says that these names were added in the early second century AD, but there are those who say that they were added in the late second century AD. The first to attribute these unknown gospels to Matthew, Luke, Mark and John was Irenaeus from the late second century AD.
Professor Albert George Wells (who is one of those who say that Jesus did not exist in history) says
: “
And so we find Iranaeus (bishop of Lyons about AD 180) naming all four as they are now
named, and as the first to do so.”
Source:
G. A. Wells. Who Was Jesus? A Critique of the New Testament Record (1989). Illinois, La Salle: Open Court. p. 1
This is confirmed by the prominent Christian scholar Raymond Brown, who says:
“Let me add that the names you find in your New Testament, such as “The Gospel According to Matthew” (note that the oldest name is “According to
“Let me add that the designations that you find in your New Testament, such as “The Gospel According to Matthew” (
note that the oldest designation is “According to” and not “of”), are the result of late-second-century scholarship attempting to identify the authors of works that had no identification.
Source
: Raymond E. Brown. Op. Cit. p. 60
Professor Edwin Freed, professor emeritus of religion and biblical studies at Gettysburg College, says:
“Most New Testament scholars agree that the Gospels are anonymous and that the present titles were probably not added until sometime in the second century. Since the form of the title is the same for each Gospel, it is likely that each title was not given until after the Gospels were collected as a set of four. Then the name of a famous person was inserted into the writing of each Gospel.But the written reading, “the Gospel according to,” is not “the Gospel” by Matthew, Mark, or Luke, so the Gospels as we have them now are anonymous.
“Most NT scholars agree that the gospels are anonymous and that the present titles probably were not added until some time in the second century. Because the form of the title is the same for every gospel, a title was probably given to each only after the gospels had been collected as a group of four. Then the name of a well-known person was included in the superscription of each gospel. But the superscription read, “the gospel according to,” not “the gospel by” Matthew or Mark or Luke, so the gospels as we now have them are anonymous. ”
Source:
Edwin D. Freed. The New Testament, A Critical Introduction (2001). Wadsworth. p. 123.
Raymond Brown also says: “The view that the evangelists
were not themselves eyewitnesses of the public ministry of Jesus would be held in about 95% of contemporary critical scholarship.”
“in about 95% of
contemporary critical scholarship.”))
Source:
Raymond E. Brown. Response to 101
Questions on the Bible (1990). Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. p. 59-60
************************************************
If these gospels are unknown, and no one can deny that, the gospels do not contain clear evidence of their author, nor is there any external, clear and strong evidence that tells us who wrote these gospels. The truth is that these books are propaganda, and they are books composed for specific purposes and do not reflect the true actions or sayings of Christ.
We conclude with this very important reference that confirms what we say:
The Cambridge Companion to the Bible,
in which Howard Clark Key, who was Professor of New Testament at Drew University, and the biblical scholar and archaeologist Eric M. Myers, and the professor of biblical studies John Rogerson Anthony J. Saldarini is a professor of Judaism and early Christianity at Boston College. The reference says: -
The primary sources for our knowledge of Jesus are the Gospels, which are not objective reports but propaganda
from the source
Kee, H. C., Meyers, E. M., Rogerson, J. & Saldarini, A. J. (1997). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 447
And our final supplication is that all praise is due to Allah, Lord of the Worlds. I ask for your prayers for me and for those who contributed to the production of this work. I ask Allah Almighty for sincerity and that this research will benefit the researching brothers and awaken the hearts of the heedless Christian friends. Amen.
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