Mountains and the isostatic balance of the Earth's crust

 

First, the atheist fart
Second, some scientific facts
Third, the response to the heretic


First, the atheist fart
Given the somewhat long article, this is because the heretic devoted his first part to satirizing Islam and Muslims, then he presented what he considers evidence of invalidating the role of mountains in balancing the earth's crust,
so we will suffice with directly quoting the evidence .
The heretic says
: 1- The existence of roots for mountains is not a scientific fact, but rather just a theory among other theories.
2- Seismic areas have a high prevalence of mountain ranges, which is evidence that mountains do not maintain the balance of the earth's crust.
3- The earth's crust is in a state of constant movement, so how can we say that mountains stabilize the earth's crust?
4- Mountains are originally created due to the movement of the earth's crust and tectonic plates.

Secondly, some scientific facts.
We first remind you of the morphological shape of mountains and their role in the balance of the earth's crust. Then we respond to the atheist fart at the end of the topic.
The atheist's words are completely devoid of scientific validity and are an argument based on ignorance, as
1. The morphological structure of mountains is exactly like a peg. It was discovered in the twentieth century that mountains have roots that extend deep into the earth's crust for hundreds of kilometers and represent the largest part of the mountain. The length of the roots may sometimes reach fifteen times greater than the apparent part of the mountain.
2. Geologists have discovered the decisive role of mountains in the isostatic balance of the earth's crust. The discovered theory was called the Theory of Isostasy. Scientific

details:
Mountains are pegs.. The morphological structure of mountains. This Quranic verse describes mountains as pegs for the earth, and a peg has a visible part on the surface of the earth, and most of it is sunk in it . There is a scientific fact that all geologists today acknowledge, which is that every mountain has a root that extends deep into the earth. Without these pegs, the mountains and the earth's crust would not be stable. This scientific fact began to attract the attention of researchers since the beginning of the twentieth century, and the efforts of scientists took dozens of years of research, experimentation, measurement and huge costs... As a result, it was proven that all the mountains we see have roots exactly like pegs that extend for distances exceeding sixty kilometers into the interior of the earth!




Dear reader, compare what these scientists said hundreds of years ago with what the famous Encyclopedia Britannica said in its definition of mountains in the twelfth volume under the article on mountain building processes, where it said: “A mountain is an area of ​​land that is relatively elevated compared to its surroundings.” Then the encyclopedia talked about mountain ranges and their different types. Thus, we find that the encyclopedia limited its definition of mountains to the external shape only, because the fact that mountains have roots was not brought up until recently with Airy’s theory in order to be confirmed recently as a scientific fact. However, the Qur’an told us about the true shape of mountains, which resemble pegs planted in the ground, fourteen centuries ago. For example, on the USGS website, we find, word for word, the following: It's now known that most mountain ranges are underlain by crustal roots floating atop the hot plastically deforming mantle http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/p.../06.01.23.html Translation : It is now known that most mountain ranges are underlain by crustal roots floating atop the hot plastically deforming mantle http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/p.../06.01.23.html Translation: Mountains have buoyant roots that extend downward into the mantle beneath a mountain range, and that the roots are, in general, about 5.6 times deeper than the height of the mountain at the top. Is there any evidence that mountains have such deep roots? Yes, there is abundant evidence from measurements of gravity over and near mountain ranges. Translation : I would also like to point out that the roots of mountains have a noticeable effect on gravity through which these roots were discovered, http://geoscience.wisc.edu/~chuck/Cl...mtn_roots.html We also find the discovery of the roots of the Himalayas on this scientific site http://www.livescience.com/6595-dept...-revealed.html Dr. Andre Cailleux says in his book in French "Anatomy of the Earth" the mountains like page . have deep roots embedded in the ground thes roots are deeply embedded in the ground. thus.amountain have ashape like peg . Translation: That is, the mountains are like pegs, as they have deep roots in the ground. These roots extend deeply into the ground, and therefore the shape of the mountain resembles a peg. Theory of Isostasy




































In 1989, the American geologist Dutton presented the Theory of Isostasy, explaining his theory called the Theory of Isostasy, which is represented by a group of a basin filled with water in the form of wooden objects of different heights floating in it. It is clear from this model that the part of the wooden objects submerged in water (Figure: 3) is directly proportional to its height, stating that they are in a state he called the State of Hydrostatic Balance. As for the natural and traditional representation of this state, it is in fact the state of floating icebergs.
The geologist proved conclusively the inevitability of the existence of mountain roots to achieve a state of equilibrium for the earth's crust, as the density of mountains is higher than the density of the surrounding parts. To achieve the principle of equilibrium of the earth's crust, the existence of extended, low-density mountain roots is what restores the isostatic equilibrium of the earth's crust. Notice carefully the picture of how scientists compare the balance of solids inside the water and the role of mountains in the balance of the Earth's crust. The concept of the theory of isostasy is a geophysical theory that represents the balance of the components of the Earth's crust due to the difference in the density of the components of its parts. This theory explains the inevitability of the existence of mountain roots extending deep into the Earth to achieve the balance of the Earth's crust. Now scientists can calculate the ideal depth and density of the roots necessary to achieve the balance of the Earth's crust in any region of the world by applying the principle of equilibrium. For example, we find the following definition: Isostasy is the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle such that the crust "floats at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostasy In the Encyclopedia Britannica we find the following definition isostasy, ideal theoretical balance of all large portions of Earth's lithosphere as though they were floating on the denser underlying layer, the asthenosphere, a section of the upper mantle composed of weak, plastic rock that is about 110 km (70 miles) below the surface Translation http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/...96537/isostasy Isostatic balance is the theoretical balance between parts of the Earth's crust Scientific studies on the relationship between mountains and the balance of the Earth's crust Article entitled Mountains and the Earth's Isostatic Balance http://earth.unh.edu/esci401/docs/class_38.pdf Academic article entitled Mountains and the Earth's Isostatic Balance http://www.jstor.org/stable/983933 Academic article in the Journal of Geology entitled The Earth's Isostatic Balance and Mountain Building http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.230...21104759785853 A book by Professor C.O. Swanson entitled The Isostatic Equilibrium of the Earth and Mountain Building http://www.amazon.com/CO-Swanson/e...ne_cont_book_1 Image Download Center A book by Professor Harry Fielding Reid entitled The Isostatic Equilibrium of the Earth and Mountain Ranges











































http://books.google.dz/books/about/I...AJ&redir_esc=y Thirdly, the response to the atheistic fart 1 - Doubting that the existence of mountain roots is just a hypothesis. The answer is that it was a hypothesis in the sixties of the last century, but now it is a scientific fact. In 1865, Sir George Airy presented a theory stating that the Earth's crust does not represent a suitable foundation for the mountains that rise above it. He assumed that the Earth's crust and the mountains on it represent nothing but floating islands on a sea of ​​higher density rocks. Accordingly, mountains must have roots extending from within that high-density region to ensure their stability and stability on this denser material. This hypothesis was confirmed when the American geologist Dutton presented his theory of Isostasy in 1989 AD, explaining his theory called the theory of the equilibrium of the Earth's crust. We have quoted above confirmation of this scientific fact from the most famous global geology sites. 2- Doubting that earthquake zones are full of mountains , which proves the role of mountains in restoring the isostatic balance that is lost in earthquake zones, because the history of mountain building is linked to restoring the balance of the earth's crust, which is disturbed by earthquakes. The earth's crust is never stable, but rather is in a state of permanent construction and demolition, erosion, subsidence and elevation, which leads to a permanent imbalance in the earth's crust. The theory of equilibrium works to restore the pressure equilibrium around the earth's crust whenever it is disturbed again. 3- The earth's crust is in a state of constant movement, so how can it be said that mountains stabilize the earth's crust? Here, the challenger is confusing stability with equilibrium. Mountains maintain the isostatic balance of the components of the earth's crust, and equilibrium does not scientifically mean no movement. A ship or car swims at a speed of one hundred miles per hour, and it is scientifically in a state of balance, but it is not stable. Scientifically, balance is when the sum of the forces to which a body is subject is equal to zero. This is what the roots of mountains guarantee for the earth's crust, so that the pressure around the components of the earth's crust is equal, so the sum of the pressure forces is zero, and the earth's crust remains in a state of stability and balance. 4- Mountains were originally formed due to the expansion of tectonic plates and their collision with each other. This is confirmed by the Holy Quran in the Almighty's saying: "And it is He who spread out the earth and placed therein firm mountains." The expansion and movement of the earth are hidden behind the formation of mountains. We explained previously that there is a scientific difference between balance and stabilization. Mountains do not stabilize the earth's crust by preventing it from moving, but rather maintain its balance by having the pressure around the earth's crust be balanced, so the sum of the forces to which it is subject is zero, and thus balance is achieved. Finally, I do not know why the blind hatred of Islam leads to an attempt to deny some of the results of science when they contradict the whims of the heretics... For whoever does not know in the twenty-first century the relationship between mountains and the balance of the earth's crust, it is enough for him to write on the Internet "mountain and isostasy" until he finds hundreds of thousands of peer-reviewed scientific articles in the most reliable global fields... Abu Tayeb Al-Mutanabbi said: How often do you seek a fault for us and we fail you and God rejects what you bring and generosity