(He said: O Lord, is it a male or a female?) - The gender of the fetus: a doubt or a miracle!!
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful. Peace and Allah's mercy be upon you.
This topic is a collection of diverse responses.
A seeker of truth is satisfied with one proof, but a follower of whims is not satisfied with a thousand proofs.
The colleague says: Ray of Enlightenment:
I had written to the atheists asking them about the scientific errors they see in the Islamic hadith about the formation of the fetus .
So I took from them the following:
Islam says that determining the sex of the fetus is after the fortieth day or a little more.
They provided evidence for their claim with the hadith of Hudhayfah al-Ghifari narrated by Muslim in his Sahih 2645. He said: I heard the Messenger of Allah with these two ears of mine say: The sperm remains in the womb for forty nights. Then the angel forms its form. Zuhayr said: I thought he said the one who creates it says: O Lord, is it male or female? Allah makes it male or female. Then he says: O Lord, am I normal or not normal? Allah makes it normal or not normal. Then he says: O Lord, what is its provision? What is its life span? What is its creation? Then Allah makes it miserable or happy.
They said... This hadith contradicts what science has in our time... Doctors say that the sex of the fetus is determined by the occurrence of fertilization. In addition, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) transmitted it from Hippocrates, the father of medicine!!
: “When forty-two nights have passed over the sperm, Allah sends an angel to it. He shapes it and creates its hearing, sight, skin, flesh, and bones. Then he says: O Lord! Male or female? Your Lord decrees what He wills, and the angel writes it down. Then he says: O Lord! His life span. Your Lord says what He wills, and the angel writes it down. Then he says: O Lord! His provision. Your Lord decrees what He wills, and the angel writes it down. Then the angel comes out with the scroll in his hand. He does not add to what He has commanded, nor does he subtract from it.”
Narrator: Abu Tufayl Amer bin Wathilah Al-Kinani Narrator: Muslim - Source: Sahih Muslim - Page or number: 2645
Verify the hadiths on this site: http://www.dorar.net/
Today we will talk about a specific point that is not usual, which is the creation of the fetus , male or female.
Of course, the noble hadith is clear and speaks in Arabic language and with Arabic meanings. The Prophet addressed the companions with words that have clear meanings to the Arabs. The concept of masculinity and femininity for them means the differentiation between the reproductive organs. In addition to the differentiation at the level of the soul that resides in the fetus after forty days! - The sex of the fetus is determined from the first moment the sperm carrying (x) or (y) meets the egg carrying (x)
(From a sperm-drop He created him and proportioned him).
The ignorant atheists wanted to twist the miracle into a doubt, as if the hadith meant the type of chromosome!!! :confused:
Just like someone who calls a (palm seed) a palm tree before it becomes a palm tree!
You, the atheist, must prove that the hadith refers to the type of chromosome before the appearance of the reproductive system and before the soul is breathed into the body.
The hadith says , “Oh God, make it male or female, so God will make it male or female.” This is scientifically correct, as mechanical movement after cell division may undergo changes by the will of God Almighty, so you read
the chromosomeAs a female, and upon formation a male is formed, there is no way to know this mechanical movement except by looking at other factors affecting it. There is a difference between a primary "embryonic" chromosome and a complete organ, or more precisely: after the completion of manufacturing.
The definition of (male and female) in the Arabic language is the same as this medical definition:
Gender: The sex of an individual, male or female, based on reproductive anatomy
female /fe·male/ (fe´māl)
an individual organism of the sex that bears young or produces ova or eggs.
So the female has a reproductive system that distinguishes her from the male and has a complete body - that carries and gives birth or lays eggs - and not just a chromosome!!!
If the hadith mentions (the apple tree ), do not force me to understand you and say that (the apple seed) is in itself (the apple tree) !!!
And do not forget that the difference between the male and the female is not just biological differences, but there is a difference at the level of the soul.
This difference is not achieved except by the soul entering the fetus after forty days.
• Unfortunately, the doubt has turned into a miracle . Until the ninth week of fetus development, the embryonic reproductive apparatus is the same one for the two sexes . The question now is how could the Prophet (PBUH) know that on day 40 there is no difference in the reproductive system between the two sexes? Knowing that the size of the fetus at that stage is the size of a small bean? The embryo is the size of a small bean ( The fetus cannot be distinguished until the end of the sixth uterine week, as the reproductive glands are similar at this stage and it is not possible to distinguish between them) Source / HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY PAGE 338,400 FOURTH EDITION We also read a research from the University of Hawaii in the United States, which states: IN HUMAN EMBRYOS, THE EFFECT OF THIS HERITAGE USUALLY DOES NOT BECOME MANIFEST UNTIL THE SIXTH OR SEVENTH WEEK IN UTERO. PRIOR TO THIS TIME, THE HUMAN FETUS CAN BE REGARDED AS APPEARING NEUTER OR INDIFFERENT. IT IS INDIFFERENT IN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL APPEARANCE (PHENOTYPE.), CONTAINING NEITHER TESTES NOR OVARIES, BUT ONLY UNDEVELOPED GONADS LOCATED NEAR THE KIDNEYS. Translation: In the human fetus, this genetic influence is usually not apparent in the womb until after six or seven weeks. Before this time, the human fetus is considered neutral or undifferentiated - for sex - and is not distinct in internal or external appearance, and does not contain testicles or ovaries, but only contains gonads located near the location of the kidney. Source: http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/ar...undations.html All methods that determine the sex of the fetus before it is born are not done until after the fetus is created . Among these methods are: - The method of dissecting the fetus
The fallopian tube... This method occurs at least in the seventh week, but before this week it cannot be distinguished, because the reproductive glands (the testicles in the male and the ovaries in the female) are completely similar
. Source: HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY PG 338/400, fourth edition.
-Method of examining the amniotic fluid... This procedure (examination of the fluid surrounding the fetus AMNIOCENTESIS) is performed sometime between the 18th and 20th weeks of pregnancy.
Source / http://arabia.babycenter.com/%D9%87%...AA%D9%87%D8%9F
-Using ultrasound devices (sonar) .. in the period from week 14 to week 20 of pregnancy, depending on the type of device used
Source / http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_5022566_de...pregnancy.html
Some may wonder if there are some ways through which we can choose the sex of the fetus? ... I tell them yes, but all these methods depend on conjectural probabilities and not absolute certainty ... The percentage of males over females naturally without any method is 51% ... The method of food and vaginal douche and timing of intercourse 70% ... Artificial injection in addition to special food and using the Chinese table 80% ... The basic vaginal douche 56% ... The basic food to change the vaginal environment 55% ... The Chinese program 60% ... Sperm screening and artificial injection without following the diet and timing of injection 55%... and the latest method so far is embryo separation 99% and it is also possible.
Rather, the strangest thing of all is that if you were able to hold in your hand a sperm that carries the female trait and fertilized the egg with it and were 1000% sure that the egg was fertilized with it and that the fetus that will come is female... and with all this the fetus may come out male and the reason for that is that there is a condition called (XX-MALE) which is a male that does not distinguish him physically from any other male even though he has XX . And the reasons are still unknown.
Read
IN XX MALE SYNDROME, THE PERSON HAS FEMALE CHROMOSOMES BUT MALE PHYSICAL FEATURES. THE MAJORITY OF PERSONS WITH XX MALE SYNDROME HAVE THE Y CHROMOSOME#GENE SRY ATTACHED TO ONE OF THEIR X CHROMOSOMES. THE REST OF THE INDIVIDUALS WITH XX MALE SYNDROME DO NOT HAVE SRY DETECTABLE IN THEIR CELLS. HENCE, OTHER GENES ON OTHER CHROMOSOMES IN THE PATHWAY FOR DETERMINING SEX MUST BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR MALE PHYSICAL FEATURES.
...
IN INDIVIDUALS WITH XX MALE SYNDROME WHO DO NOT HAVE AN SRY GENE DETECTABLE IN THEIR CELLS, THE CAUSE OF THE CONDITION IS NOT KNOWN
Source / http://www.healthline.com/
So the difference at the chromosome level has an essential role, but it does not decide the matter. After all this, it becomes clear to everyone that the sex of the fetus
cannot be known unless God commands it to be male or female. If He commands that, the angels who are given food and whomever He wills of His creation know... Indeed, God Almighty may reveal His knowledge to whomever He wills of His creation before the fetus is formed.In the womb... So here is the Virgin Mary who knew the gender of her fetus, and even his name and some of his characteristics before she became pregnant with him... And here is our master Zachariah, God informed him of the gender of his child, his name and some of his characteristics before he had intercourse with his wife...
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During the first 6 weeks of embryonic development the gonadal ridge, germ cells, internal ducts, and external genitalia are bipotential in both 46,XX and 46,XY embryos.(1
The point is that in the first six weeks of the fetus, the internal and external organs are capable of being distinguished into male or female organs, whether the resulting chromosomes are specific to male or female .... This is contrary to what the one who raised the doubt claimed, that the sex is distinguished from the first moment of fertilization. He is an ignoramus who does not know what doctors say.
It is known to doctors that sex differentiation does not occur before the sixth week . Perhaps the chromosomes were 46,XX and the male reproductive organs and sexual characteristics were formed , and perhaps the chromosomes were 46,XY and the female reproductive organs and sexual characteristics were formed (2). Accordingly, your claim that the chromosomes XX & XY alone determine the development of the reproductive organs is not correct , because there are several things that determine this, and this is known to medical professionals, and even something that no one who is familiar with embryology is ignorant of.
This issue is one of the most complex matters in embryology, and regarding the history of medical discoveries in this regard, this is a quote from the most famous books of anatomy among doctors (3), and it contains the cognitive development specific to the anatomy of the male reproductive organs - and the female reproductive organs do not differ from it in terms of the purpose of responding to the doubt - with mention of the year in which each discovery was made . I say that it is stated in the book:
Anatomic and Surgical History of the Male Genital System
Albert von Haller: 1749 : Stated that tests descend from abdominal cavity to scrotum through "vagina cylindrica"
KF Wolff: 1759 : Described mesonephric duct
John Hunter ( 1728-1793 ): Stated that during embryonal life , tests descend from retroperitoneal area to scrotum; cryptorchid gonads do not descend due to dysgenesis; first to use term "gubernaculum"
B. W. Seiler : 1817 : Interpreted action of gubernaculum as power for testicular descent
J. Müller : 1825 : Discovered paramesonephric duct
E. H. Weber : 1847 : Theorized that balloonlike swelling of gubernaculum is main force for testicular descent
C. Weil : 1884 : Rejected Weber's theory of involvement gubernaculum in testicular descent, attributing descent to increased intraabdominal pressure
H. Klaatsch: 1890 : Proposed conus inguinalis as key factor in testicular descent
Neuhauser: 1900 : Argued that scrotum is sexual signal to female of ability to produce offspring
O. Frankl: 1900 : Studied testicular descent
CR Moore: 1924 : Observed degradation of intratubular epithelium in congenital and experimental cryptorchidism; thermoregulatory theory of testicular descent
ERA Cooper: 1929 : Disputed Hunter's theory of cryptorchid dysgenesis; reported that cryptorchid tests in very young children were histologically normal
B. Schapiro: 1931 : Hormonal treatment for cryptorchidism
F. Rost: 1934 : Used water-soluble extracts of anterior pituitary hormone to induce testicular descent in rodents
A. Müller: 1938 : Stated that scrotum is an act of self-creativity in male body
A. Portman: 1938 : Supported Müller's theory; expression of male sex developed apart from any evolutionary or thermoregulatory factor
L. Moscowitch: 1938 : Hypothesized that posterior vesical ligament was responsible for failure of testicular descent
T. Martins: 1943 : Stated that administration of androgens (testosterone), not contractile forces, was cause of testicular descent
Busch & Sayegh: 1963 : Performed lymphography of testicle. Recognized and reported concept of primary and secondary nodes, and noted importance in surgical management of testicular carcinoma.
F. Hadžiselimović:1980, 1983 : Described role of epididymis in testicular descent
MK Backhouse: 1981 : Experimental confirmation of Martins' theory; no histological evidence of paratesticular degeneration of gubernaculum
Chris F. Heyns, John M. Hutson: 1987 : Gubernaculum involvement in testicular descent
How could the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, know that in the first six weeks there is no difference in the reproductive system between the sexes?
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(1) A scientific paper entitled:
Sexual differentiation from genes to gender
(2) Consider this, for example, a scientific paper entitled:
abnormal sex differntiation: who , how and when to image (3) Book: Skandalakis' Surgical Anatomy : John E. Skandalakis, Gene L. Colborn, Thomas A. Weidman, Roger S. Foster, Jr., Andrew N. Kingsnorth, Lee J. Skandalakis, Panajiotis N. Skandalakis, Petros S. Mirilas --------------- And here: sex determination comes after the seventh week!!!! Müllerian regression, the first sign of male differentiation of the genital tract, occurs in 55 to 60 day-old human embryos in the area where the ducts are closest to the caudal pole of the testis http://www.endotext.org/pediatrics/p...ricsframe7.htm Differentiation of external genitalia The external genitalia of both sexes are identical during the first 7 weeks of gestation http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1492.htm Until the ninth week of fetus development, the embryonic reproductive apparatus is the same one for the two sexes . The internal reproductive organs, such as testes or ovaries , start to develop Your baby at week 11 ( nine weeks after conception ). By the end of the week, your baby's external genitalia will develop into a recognizable penis or clitoris and labia majora, meaning that both occur after day 40, which makes the question of the angel responsible for creation about the sex of the newborn a conclusive scientific miracle, as it occurs directly before he creates the internal reproductive organs in the following week..!!
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/prenatal-care/PR00112
Look at this picture from a scientific website, for example:
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Allah the Almighty and His Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and after them science, have shown that the formation of the embryo begins in the seventh week... and in the sixth, after 42 days, where the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, says: (When forty-two nights have passed over the sperm, Allah sends an angel to it, who forms it - the formation begins - and creates its hearing, sight, skin, flesh, and bones) .
Then he says, “O Lord , will it be male or female after that?” - until now, there are no reproductive organs after that, the reproductive organs... Glory be to my Lord....!!
This is also from one of the foreign websites that Wikipedia relied
on: Testicular tissues, and in particular seminiferous tubules, are recognized in the human embryo at 7 weeks of fetal age.
This confirms that the distinction between male and female embryos is determined in the seventh week. This is scientifically called Gonadal differentiation , which is the second stage of sex determination, as the first stage is: Genetic sex differentiation. This stage is based on the sex chromosomes Y, X.
Did he, peace and blessings be upon him, have superior microscopes or detection and examination devices or a supercomputer or endoscopes? Was he familiar with a huge library of medical books to come up with this clear detail and definition?
Or is it, with all rationality, the estimation of the Great Creator and His true experience?
The issue is settled, as the fetus in the first six weeks is not distinguished into male and female, and this stage is called the indifferent stage because there is no difference between male and female. After that, the difference begins to appear ( different stage). The primary reproductive organs (testicles and ovaries) begin to form from the seventh week, and the external reproductive organs that begin after nine weeks are the external reproductive organs.
The first statement that the difference in creation begins with fertilization is wrong, and the "new" statement that it begins from the ninth week is wrong, and any new statement that differs from what is mentioned in the hadith is not correct, and the issue is settled that the difference begins to appear after the sixth week, and this is what was mentioned in the noble prophetic hadith, and we did not see a logical explanation to reach the information mentioned in the hadith other than the acknowledgment through revelation ((It is only a revelation revealed))
: How could the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, know that in the first six weeks there is no difference in the reproductive system between the sexes?
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One of the atheists came to object to the sources that he cited on the pretext that he does not speak English well, so he brought a source in French to cite, and it stated the following:
A 7th week of pregnancy: the embryo begins to take on the human cycle.
The neck, face, and fingers are modern. These forearms, the paupières are apparaissent, and the mâchoire innervérieure is clearly visible.
The mamelons of the seins apparaissent on the thorax.
At this point, he measures 25 mm, and 9 weeks have passed since the beginning of your last rules.
Translation:
At 7 weeks gestation: The fetus begins to take on human form. The neck, face and fingers take shape. The ears are formed, the eyelids appear and the lower jaw becomes visible. The nipples appear on his chest. At this point, he measures 25 mm and 9 weeks have passed since the beginning of your last rules.
Here in the source that the interlocutor tried to cite, it was stated that the fetus for the first time takes on its human form after 42 days, as approved by the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him
peace. Here is also what came from the French source that the irreligious interlocutor cited: A picture of a fetus in the fifth week, and no human features appeared on it. A picture of a fetus in the sixth week, and its features are still unclear. After 40 days, the fetus appears in its human form. Here is a picture of it in the seventh week, so that the atheist can be sure: 6 x 7 = 42. Glory be to Him, the Almighty, who said : “And he does not speak from [his own] inclination. It is not but a revelation revealed.” An-Najm: ((3-4)) Ibn al-Qayyim - may God have mercy on him - said: (He did not say: “And he does not speak from [his own] inclination,” because denying that he speaks from [his own] inclination is more eloquent; it implies that his speech does not come from inclination, and if it does not come from inclination, how does he speak it? So it implies the denial of two matters: denying inclination from a source Speech, and its negation of itself, so its utterance is the truth, and its source is guidance and right direction, not error and misguidance . [Badai’ Al-Tafsir (4/672)]
Hippocrates said that Hippocrates in the second article of his book mentioned that determining the sex of the fetus begins on the 42nd day and that the Prophet Muhammad transmitted this false information from him.
Regardless of the lack of proof that any of Hippocrates’ books were translated into Arabic during the time of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace , and the lack of proof that he , may God bless him and grant him peace, was familiar with any of these books in their language or translation, what was transmitted from Hippocrates and transmitted by opponents does not include that Hippocrates says that the sexes do not differentiate before six weeks, but rather he says that the period of formation of the limbs (hands and feet) takes 42 days in the female and 30 days in the male , and this has nothing to do with the hadith of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace. Hippocrates’ words focus on the formation of the limbs, and he says that it is completed within six weeks at most, and he differentiates between the female and the male in this, and makes there be a female and a male before six weeks, and all of this is pure error, while the hadith of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, shows that the differentiation of the fetus into a male and a female does not occur before six weeks, and this is proven as previously stated from scientific sources. In this way, it is impossible for them to prove a truth or deny a falsehood, in any case, in any field, in any science, or in any research . So when I tell you (the maleness of the fetus is determined from its femaleness after the sixth week), do not understand from this statement that I am saying that the differentiation of sex occurs after the sixth week, but rather understand from it that I am quoting from Hippocrates, because Hippocrates mentioned in it wrong information number 42, and understand that I do not mean to determine the sex of the newborn, so what do I say to you to understand that I am talking about established medical information?!!! According to this approach, any statement is quoted from the mistakes of the ancients because - certainly - they used words like the ones we use!! Hippocrates' view of the fetus is a completely different view from what is mentioned in the Sharia and in modern embryology, and this is not the place for detail, but let us look at this issue in particular! Hippocrates talks about the formation of limbs , and the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, did not mention the formation of limbs. Hippocrates talks about male and female in the first six weeks, and the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, says the difference between male and female occurs after six weeks. Hippocrates makes the limbs form after 42 days in females and 30 days in males.. and the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, did not mention the limbs at all, and what he mentioned happening after 42 days did not differentiate between males and females. Hippocrates mentions the number 42, so you make that an argument that the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, copied from him!!
Don't you see that what they are saying is nothing but affectation, control, and insistence on falsehood?!!
2- It has not been proven that any of Hippocrates’ books were translated into Arabic during the time of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, and it has not been proven that he, may God bless him and grant him peace, was familiar with any of these books in their language or translation. Rather, it has been proven as follows
from the Cambridge University website from their scientific journal:
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The Arabic-Greek translation movement did not begin until the second half of the eighth century , and thus their suspicions fall to the bottom - even though it was originally proven that these books existed in the Arabian Peninsula after it was shown that Hippocrates' words were myths that were not equal to Islam in anything and were refuted by specialized researchers long ago -
and these books on translations and the types of translations that Arab Muslims were interested in are available for download:
The book of translation in the Abbasid era: The School of Hunayn ibn Ishaq by Maryam Salama Kar.
http://www.omu.edu.ly/Moktar_MG1/MG/...9%88%D9%84.pdf
The translation movement in the first Abbasid era.
http://www.4shared.com/office/ACcySO..._________.html
The ignorant atheist told us that Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya, may God have mercy on him, cited the truth of the words of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, with some of what Hippocrates, the father of medicine at that time, concluded - we say, what is the problem with that, oh ignorant one - Ibn al-Qayyim was born in 1292 in the era of their openness to books and translations (the translation movement only began in the eighth century, and Ibn al-Qayyim, may God have mercy on him, was born in the twelfth century)
Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya
Period 691 AH - 751 AH
Birth 691 AH in Syria
Death 751 AH in Syria
1292 AD - 1349 AD
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%...B2%D9%8A%D8%A9
The atheists said
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You have seen the deceit in the reversal of the facts... For God's sake, where did the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, say that the man's sperm remains or persists for 40 days without penetrating the egg ... Show me, for God's sake, if you are truthful!! . . . So if I told you, O atheist, that if this grain of wheat rests in the ground for 40 nights, it will become a large ear of wheat, would you conclude from this that the grain of wheat remains or persists in the ground for 40 nights without sprouting?
And from scientific honesty, O atheist, as I told you before, is that you present the statements of the commentators of these hadiths and the statements of those who said that these hadiths are miraculous, then respond to that if you are able to respond at all.
Dear reader... At the level of pigments (chromosomes), the sex of this fetus is determined at the moment the sperm penetrates the egg to form the fertilized sperm, and this is what the Quran has decreed... God Almighty says (Then He made from it the two mates, the male and the female) (And ponder with me, dear reader, His saying (Then He made), the letter fa here indicates speed and follow-up, and He did not say (Then He made) , which indicates delay, meaning that if the sperm penetrates the egg, it will be male or female according to the divine will. However, no creature, whether angels, jinn, or humans, can distinguish the sex of this fetus except after 40 to 45 days have passed since this sperm, as the Chosen One, may God bless him and grant him peace, said, and it will be explained later - and not as this atheist’s mind has gone astray.
I also mention the hadith of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, which means (If the man’s semen rises above the woman’s semen, it will be male, God willing, and vice versa). And by looking at In the hadith, we see that once the man’s or woman’s water rises, the sex of the fetus is determined as male or female. Despite all of that, its sex cannot be distinguished until after it is created and after the period specified by the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.
The previous hadiths do not show - as this atheist’s mind has wandered - that the angel is the one who determines the sex of the fetus, but rather they show that the angel does not know the sex of this fetus until the fortieth day, so he asks Allah (O Allah, is it male or female?) and the angel writes and pictures it as Allah commanded him. At that moment only the angel entrusted with it knows whether it is male or female. As for Allah’s knowledge, it has been known since eternity.
From the angel’s task, it becomes clear that the hadiths clearly indicate that before the fortieth to forty-fifth day, the sex of the fetus cannot be distinguished, whether male or female, nor even its human form, and its organs are not created completely until after this date. The hadiths indicate that the formation of the fetus, its formation, the creation of its hearing, sight, skin, flesh, bones, and the differentiation of its sexual organs does not occur until after 40 to 45 nights. In human embryos, the effect of this heritage usually does not become manifest
until the sixth or seventh week in utero. Prior to this time, the human fetus can be regarded as appearing neuter or
indifferent . It is indifferent in internal and external appearance (phenotype), containing neither testes nor ovaries, but only undeveloped gonads located near the kidneys
In the human fetus, this genetic influence is usually not evident in the womb until after six or seven weeks. Before this time, the human fetus is considered neutral or undifferentiated - sex - and is not distinct in internal or external appearance, and does not contain testicles or ovaries, but only contains reproductive glands located near the location of the kidney.
Source / University of Hawaii, USA
http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/ar...undations.html
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